The Dangers of Social Conformity Exposed in The Prime of Miss Jean Brod

The Dangers of Social Conformity Exposed in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Muriel Sparks The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie depicts the glide path of age of six adolescent girls in Edinburgh, Scotland during the 1930s. The story brings us into the classroom of Miss Jean Brodie, a fascist school teacher at the Marcia Blaine tame for Girls, and gives close encounter with the cordial and political climate in Europe during the era surrounding the second World War. Sparks novel is a narrative relating to us the complexities of politics and of social conformity, as well as of non-conformity. Through looking at the Brodie set and the reciprocities between these students and their teacher, the writer, in this novel, reviews the essence of group dynamics and brings in to focus the adverse effects that the power of authority over the masses can produce. Sparks, in so doing projects her skepticism toward the teachers ideologies. This skepticism is played out through with(predicate) the perso na of Sandy Stranger, who becomes the central character in a class of Marcia Blaine school girls. Sandys character is even more focally sculpted than the teachers favored disciples who came to be known as the Brodie Set a small group of girls favored by Miss Jean Brodie in her Prime. The Brodie Set is a social trunk and a enigmatic network of social relations that acts to draw the behavior of its members toward the core values of the clique. The teacher Miss Jean Brodie projects upon this impressionable set, her strong fascist opinions. She controls this group on the basis that she is in her prime. Her prime being the point in life when she is at the height of wisdom and insight. Sandy pejoratively uses the nature traits and ideolog... ...t this small group level, conformity dispels individual judgement. Sandy projects to us that this kind of social conformity under the pressure of authority, is to be blamed for many social problems and adversities in the individual liv es of the Brodie girls, and in society at large. Bibliography 1. Coon, Dennis. Psychology Exploration and Application. West Publishing Company 1980. 2. Costanzo, P. Conformity development as a situation of self blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14 366-374 1970. 3. Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Larson, R. Being Adolescent. Harper Collins Publisher 1984. 4. Homans, G.C. Social Behavior Its Elementary Forms. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1961. 5. Lodge, David. The Uses and Abuses of Omniscience regularity and Meaning in Muriel Sparks The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Ithaca, Cornell 1971.

Discuss how the historical, political and social setting of Harper Lees :: English Literature

Discuss how the historical, political and social setting of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird contributes to the fears that are present in Maycomb County.Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear butfear itself. (Sc turn out Finch, Chapter 1, To Kill a Mockingbird).To Kill A Mockingbird is set in a small town in Maycomb County,Alabama, in the 1930s, which was a dark period in time for America asit had been hit by the Depression. Up until 1929, America had beendoing very well, becoming a much richer country. However in 1929 whenstocks had soared to an all time high, in September they plummeted.This day in history is know as Black Thursday and is remembered asthe Wall Street Crash of 29. The crash hit peoples interests hardand Americans all over lost a plug of money. Banks had to spend all ofthe money they had on regaining the economy, and agricultural needswere ignored, and didnt seem as important as other things likeindustry. Landowners had let out land to farmers to grow crops in, andwhen the Wall Street Crash hit them, they wanted to regain their land,as it was all they had. Therefore, the crash hit farmers the most andthe Deep mho was hit very badly because so many people were farmersby trade.There were many black people in the South of America, especiallyAlabama, and in that location was great racial hatred between them and the whitecommunities. The Civil War from 1861-1865 between the North of Americawho wanted the abolition of slavery, and the South who wanted to alimentationslavery resulted in victory by the North, and slavery was laterabolished. The South had lost its pride, and this was the reason forthe racial hatred. Black people were thought to be outclassed to whitepeople and in the 1960s when the novel was written, black communitieswere rioting and causing disturbances to get across the point thatthey were not inferior to white people. afterward Abolition Black peoplewere terrorised by the Ku Klux Klan, who woul d burn them, rape thewomen, and torture the children and the reader is shown an example ofthis in Chapter 15 where a group of white people, go to the countyjail to terrorise Tom Robinson.Maybe this hatred for the Negroes wasnt hatred after all, but broughtabout by fear. As slavery had been abolished, black people were empower to the same rights as white people, however they were stillostracised by white people because of their colour.

Implications of Modernist Thought in Tender Is the Night Essay

Implications of Modernist Thought in dictation Is the Night The implications of modernist thought in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender Is the Night, become apparent when conceptualizing crime and punishment. Besides the murder of the Negro in the Parisian hotel, the idea of crime is plastic adultery, deceit, moral depravity barely bedevil consequences. Actions committed with good intentions often end in despair, such as the marriage of Dick and Nicole Diver. Similarly, seduction and dissimulation are not often met with prove punishment. Actions, whether they be morally right or wrong, tend to remain in a staid state without the traditional response. The modernists place characters in various moments and situations that do not necessarily conclude in the set conception of punishment. Nicole and Dick Diver both commit crimes of infidelity during their marriage. While Dicks tryst with Rosemary ceases without each succinct culmination, Nicole sleeps with Tommy and ends her marriage to elope with him. Neither crime however, is met with a punishment. While Dick slowly loses his manner of attraction and wiles with women, he sinks into apathy and alcoholism. Fitzgerald does not have the appearance _or_ semblance to be punishing Dick in any way for his fleeting romance with Rosemary rather, his empty life is almost an inevitability, another set of moments without sullen cause or effect. Nicoles actual instant of infidelity is described as a moment - not as a crime, a moral quandary or anything deserving traditional punishment. She drifts into her affair in the same way she tends to her garden or glances at her children. Her love for Tommy Barban is simply situational Dick was no seven-day fulfilling her in the manner she expect... ...s vision of Rosemary and his undying need for her body in his arms, he calls Nicole and demands that they have dinner and see a play in the evening. The crime is masked completely by the conventions that surr ound their lives. The punishment, therefore, remains unclear. They both continue a farce of a relationship while lying to themselves and negating any concept of criminality in their own actions. The moments come and go, the crimes and punishments are vague and ephemeral. The crimes of each of all the characters eventually effect their own psyches - their lives are damaged by their apparent neglect of reality. Living in each moment without bearing the consequences has a acute effect on Dick, but mostly leaves Nicole, Tommy and Rosemary unbroken. whole caboodle Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1933.

Terrorism †Wake Up America! :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Terrorism Wake Up AmericaAmerica, wake up Thats what we think we heard on the eleventh of September 2001 and maybe it was, but I think it should have been Get Out of Bed In fact, I think the alarm clock has been buzzing since 1979 and we have continued to hit the snooze button and roll over for a few more minutes of peaceful sleep since then. It was a composed fall day in November 1979 in a country going through a religious and political upheaval when a group of Iranian students attacked and seized the American Embassy in Tehran. This seizure was an outright attack on American soil it was an attack that held the worlds most powerful country hostage and paralyzed a Presidency. The attack on this sovereign US embassy set the stage for the events to follow for the next 23 years. America was still reeling from the aftermath of the Viet Nam experience and had a stark threat from the Soviet Union when then President Carter had to do something. He chose to conduct a clandestine raid in the desert. The ill-fated mission end in ruin, but stood as a symbol of Americas inability to deal with terrorism. Americas military had been decimated and downsized / right sized since the end of the Viet Nam war. A poorly trained, poorly fit out and poorly organized military was called on to execute a complex mission doomed from the start. Shortly after the Tehran experience, Americans began to be kidnapped and killed throughout the centre of attention East. America could do little to protect her citizens living and working abroad. The attacks against US soil continued. In April of 1983 a large vehicle packed with high explosives was determined into the US Embassy compound in Beirut. When it explodes, it kills 63 people. The alarm went off again and America hit the Snooze Button once more. Then just six-spot short months later a large truck heavily laden down with over 2500 pounds of TNT smashed through the main gate of the US Marine Corps headquarters in Beirut. 241 US servic emen are killed. America mourns her dead and hit the Snooze Button once more. Two months later in December 1983, another truck loaded with explosives is driven into the US Embassy in Kuwait, and America continues her slumber. The following year, in September 1984, another van was driven into the furnish of the US Embassy in Beirut and America slept.

Optical Storage Mediums :: essays research papers

Optical Storage MediumsThe most common style of storing info in a computer is magnetised. We have harddrives and floppy disks (soon making way to the CD-ROM), both of which can ancestrysome amount of data. In a disk drive, a read/write head (usually a coil ofwire) passes everyplace a spinning disk, generating an electrical current, whichdefines a bit as either a 1 or a 0. There are limitations to this though, andthat is that we can hardly collide with the head so small, and the tracks and sectors soclose, before the drive starts to suffer from interference from nearby tracksand sectors. What other option do we have to store broad amount of data? Wecan intention light.Light has its advantages. It is of a short wavelength, so wecan place tracks very close together, and the size of the track we use isdependent only on unitary thing - the color of the light we use. An optical mediumtypically involves some sort of laser, for laser light does non diverge, so wecan pinpoint it t o a specific place on the disk. By moving the laser a littlebit, we can change tracks on a disk, and this movement is very small, usuallyless than a hairs width. This allows one to store an immense amount of data onone disk. The light does not touch the disk surface, thereby not creatingfriction, which leads to wear, so the life of an average optical disk is farlonger than that of a magnetic medium. Also, it is impossible to crash anoptical disk (in the same sense as crashing a hard drive), since there is aprotective layer covering the data areas, and that the head of the drive canbe quite far away from the disk surface (a few millimeters compared tomicrometers for a hard drive). If this medium is so superior, thus why is itnot standard equipment? It is. Most of the new computers have a CD-ROM drivethat comes with it. Also, it is only recently that prices have come low seemlyto actually make them affordable. However, as the acronym states, one cannotwrite to a CD-ROM disk (unless one gets a CD-Recordable disk and drive). Thereare products however, that allows one to store and retrieve data on a opticalmedium. Some of those products are shown in table 1. However, the cost of thisis quite high, so it doesnt usually make much sense for consumer use yet,unless one loves to transfers 20 megabyte pictures between friends.

Sight and Blindness in Shakespeares King Lear - Lack of Vision Essay

Sight and Blindness in king Lear In queer Lear, the repeat images of sight and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the makeup of self-knowledge and consciousness that exist in the play. These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with healthy kernels are unspiritual of what is going on around them, and those without vision appear to see the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphorical, the blindness of Gloucester, who carries the double plot of the play, is literal. Nevertheless, both characters suffer from an softness to see the true nature of their children, an ability only gained once the two patriarchs have plummeted to the utter depths of depravity. Through a close reading of the text, I go away argue that Shakespeare employs the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lears plot, and, in effect, contextualizes Lears metaphorical blindness with Gloucesters physical loss of vision . When the audience is first introduced to Lear, he is portrayed as a raging, empty old man who can not see the purity of his daughter Cordelias love for him from the insincerity of her sisters Goneril and Regan. In his flaming(a) rage after disowning Cordelia, Lear commands to Kent, come to the fore of my sight (1.1.156). Kent fittingly implores the aging king to See better, Lear and let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye (1.1.157-8). Kent recognizes love in its most alarming form in the person of Cordelia, and is able to see through the hypocrisy of Lears other two daughters. In bid Lear to see better, Kent is, in effect, asking Lear to look beyond his vanity and inward pride to see the honesty of Cordelia, who refuses... ... Consulted Bevington, David, Introduction to King Lear. The Complete whole kit and caboodle of William Shakespeare. New York HarperCollins, 1992. Elton, William R. King Lear and the Gods. San Marino, California The Huntington Library, 196 6. Halio, Jay. King Lears Blinding. Shakespeare Quarterly 67 (1999) 221-3. Hoover, Claudette. Women, Centaurs, and Devils in King Lear. Womens Studies 16 (1989) 349-59. Jackson, Ken. Review of Judy Kronenfeld, King Lear and the Naked Truth. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.2 (September, 2002) 10.1-5 Available http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-2/jackrev.htm>. Leggattt, Alexander. King Lear. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1999 Sight and Blindness in Shakespeares King Lear - Lack of Vision EssaySight and Blindness in King Lear In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exist in the play. These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with healthy eyes are ignorant of what is going on a round them, and those without vision appear to see the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphorical, the blindness of Gloucester, who carries the parallel plot of the play, is literal. Nevertheless, both characters suffer from an inability to see the true nature of their children, an ability only gained once the two patriarchs have plummeted to the utter depths of depravity. Through a close reading of the text, I will argue that Shakespeare employs the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lears plot, and, in effect, contextualizes Lears metaphorical blindness with Gloucesters physical loss of vision. When the audience is first introduced to Lear, he is portrayed as a raging, vain old man who can not see the purity of his daughter Cordelias love for him from the insincerity of her sisters Goneril and Regan. In his fiery rage after disowning Cordelia, Lear commands to Kent, Out of my sight (1.1.156). Kent fittingly implores the aging king to See better, Lear and let me st ill remain / The true blank of thine eye (1.1.157-8). Kent recognizes love in its most noble form in the person of Cordelia, and is able to see through the hypocrisy of Lears other two daughters. In beseeching Lear to see better, Kent is, in effect, asking Lear to look beyond his vanity and inward pride to see the honesty of Cordelia, who refuses... ... Consulted Bevington, David, Introduction to King Lear. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. New York HarperCollins, 1992. Elton, William R. King Lear and the Gods. San Marino, California The Huntington Library, 1966. Halio, Jay. King Lears Blinding. Shakespeare Quarterly 67 (1999) 221-3. Hoover, Claudette. Women, Centaurs, and Devils in King Lear. Womens Studies 16 (1989) 349-59. Jackson, Ken. Review of Judy Kronenfeld, King Lear and the Naked Truth. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.2 (September, 2002) 10.1-5 Available http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-2/jackrev.htm>. Leggattt, Alexander. King Lear. Boston Twayne Publisher s, 1988. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1999

Sight and Blindness in Shakespeares King Lear - Lack of Vision Essay

Sight and Blindness in King Lear In King Lear, the recurring images of arrangement and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and intelligence that exist in the play. These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with sinewy eyes are ignorant of what is deprivation on around them, and those without vision appear to fulfil the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphorical, the blindness of Gloucester, who carries the parallel dapple of the play, is literal. Nevertheless, both characters suffer from an inability to see the true nature of their children, an ability only gained once the two patriarchs have plummeted to the utter depths of depravity. Through a airless reading of the text, I will turn over that Shakespeare employs the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lears plot, and, in effect, contextualizes Lears metaphorical blindness with Gloucesters physical loss of vision. When the audience is first introduced to Lear, he is portrayed as a raging, vain oldish man who can not see the purity of his daughter Cordelias honey for him from the insincerity of her sisters Goneril and Regan. In his fiery behave after disowning Cordelia, Lear commands to Kent, Out of my cumulation (1.1.156). Kent fittingly implores the aging king to See better, Lear and let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye (1.1.157-8). Kent recognizes love in its most noble line in the person of Cordelia, and is able to see through the hypocrisy of Lears other two daughters. In beseeching Lear to see better, Kent is, in effect, asking Lear to look beyond his dressing table and inward pride to see the honesty of Cordelia, who refuses... ... Consulted Bevington, David, Introduction to King Lear. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. refreshful York HarperCollins, 1992. Elton, William R. King Lear and the Gods. San Marino, calcium The Huntington Libr ary, 1966. Halio, Jay. King Lears Blinding. Shakespeare Quarterly 67 (1999) 221-3. Hoover, Claudette. Women, Centaurs, and Devils in King Lear. Womens Studies 16 (1989) 349-59. Jackson, Ken. Review of Judy Kronenfeld, King Lear and the Naked Truth. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.2 (September, 2002) 10.1-5 Available http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-2/jackrev.htm>. Leggattt, Alexander. King Lear. capital of Massachusetts Twayne Publishers, 1988. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1999 Sight and Blindness in Shakespeares King Lear - Lack of Vision EssaySight and Blindness in King Lear In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exist in the play. These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with healthy eyes are igno rant of what is going on around them, and those without vision appear to see the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphorical, the blindness of Gloucester, who carries the parallel plot of the play, is literal. Nevertheless, both characters suffer from an inability to see the true nature of their children, an ability only gained once the two patriarchs have plummeted to the utter depths of depravity. Through a close reading of the text, I will argue that Shakespeare employs the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lears plot, and, in effect, contextualizes Lears metaphorical blindness with Gloucesters physical loss of vision. When the audience is first introduced to Lear, he is portrayed as a raging, vain old man who can not see the purity of his daughter Cordelias love for him from the insincerity of her sisters Goneril and Regan. In his fiery rage after disowning Cordelia, Lear commands to Kent, Out of my sight (1.1.156). Kent fittingly implores the aging king to See better, Lear and let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye (1.1.157-8). Kent recognizes love in its most noble form in the person of Cordelia, and is able to see through the hypocrisy of Lears other two daughters. In beseeching Lear to see better, Kent is, in effect, asking Lear to look beyond his vanity and inward pride to see the honesty of Cordelia, who refuses... ... Consulted Bevington, David, Introduction to King Lear. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. New York HarperCollins, 1992. Elton, William R. King Lear and the Gods. San Marino, California The Huntington Library, 1966. Halio, Jay. King Lears Blinding. Shakespeare Quarterly 67 (1999) 221-3. Hoover, Claudette. Women, Centaurs, and Devils in King Lear. Womens Studies 16 (1989) 349-59. Jackson, Ken. Review of Judy Kronenfeld, King Lear and the Naked Truth. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.2 (September, 2002) 10.1-5 Available http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-2/jackrev.htm>. Leggattt, Alexander. King Lea r. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1999

Colombian Immigration to America

Colombian Immigration to America Nicole University Of Phoenix ETH/125 Katherine Ruberto In the early nineteenth century the first known Colombian immigrants settled in New York City. Among these immigrants were nurses, accountants, lab technicians, and pharmacists. The Colombian Civil War called La Violencia of 1948 where more than 250,000 good deal were killed in total after the popular presidential candidate Jorge Eliecer Gaitan was assassinated forced many to flee Colombia and settle in America. The ongoing struggle with Colombias governing and the recession also pushed many Colombians to migrate.Between 1960 and 1977 about 116,000 Colombians came to America. Because of the signing of the Immigration Act of 1965, Colombians as well as different potential immigrants of other countries were brought to a halt when there was a limit placed on how many visas were handed out. The fact that visas were limited to only 20,000 visas per country a year on with the high unemployment rate in Colombia put pressure on many families. Colombians that were able to come to America on a temporary based visa became illegal because they stayed beyond the allotted time. As a result the rate of undocumented immigration soared estimates of those living in the country without permanent residency precondition ranged from 250,00 to 350,000 in the mid 1970s (Sturner, n. d. ). The Immigration Act of 1965 was later revised to allow more visas to be issued. Colombians settled throughout the country in areas much(prenominal) as New York, New Jersey, Chicago, San Francisco, Houston, and Washington D. C. The late 70s and early 80s brought many Colombians to Miami, Fl. that is a metropolis that thrives on Hispanic cultures and is really accepting of immigrants.Miami is a city that most people will let the cat out of the bag Spanish before they even speak English, so for immigrants this allowed them to communicate and learn skills easier than in other parts of the country. The 80s and t he 90s proved to be a tough time for Colombians. America became more advanced technology wise, therefore the work immigrants performed was no longer needed. another(prenominal) factor hitting Colombians hard was the recession of 1981. Americans felt that immigrants were a financial burden on the country and it became a pressing issue.As the Guerilla military force escalated in Colombia more Colombians fled to America. During that time, my mother had been traveling to New York to visit her father and I was born there practically by accident because I was see to be born in Colombia. My family suffered a tragedy when two of my uncles were murdered and we received threats not to go to the police or they would take every family segment out. I am the only one from my family that was born a U. S. citizen, but I recall when my mother would have to tell people that I was an American Citizen in order to receive my health care and other things.It was like people looked at me differently bec ause I had a Colombian last name. When I was young my mother made it a point that I learn English since I was about four years old because she knew that America was very discriminating against those that do not speak English. My mother knew first hand how limiting it is to have a degree in another country that is not worth anything here. My grandmother was a detective in Colombia, yet when we came here she had to clean houses because that career was worthless here.Because we came during the escalating drug war that was going on, we did feel that people stereotyped us. Even today when I tell people where I am from, they say an ignorant comment about my country and the drug that it is mostly connected to. People do not know how many lives and families were innocently ruined because of a war that is uncontrollable and is still going strong today. Because of the insolence from the American Society felt towards immigrants Proposition 187 was passed which denied health care, education, and other services to undocumented immigrants.In 1999 the federal court ruled that Proposition 187 was unconstitutional and their determination was not appealed by the state of California. I would say that I culturally identify with my Hispanic root because it is attached to my family. We all want to preserve our family roots and values so that we can pass them on to our future generation. When my family comes together we cook Hispanic food and listen to Spanish music. Colombians are known to speak the best form of Spanish, which is known as Castellano and we have a heavy accent.For my family it has always been important that we preserve the language since we are around many other Hispanics and we tend to pick up their form of Spanish. In Castellano the words that we use are very different from the Spanish that a Cuban or friar preacher would use. I love the American mainstream culture because I have spent the majority of my life here and grew up listening to Britney Spears, and wa tching Boy Meets World, and practiced House. America is a great country for opportunity and although I was born here, whenever anyone asks me where I am from, I always smile proudly and say, I am Colombian. Reference Page Berube, Myriam. (November 2005). (Online) Migration Information Source. Available http//www. migrationinformation. org/Profiles/display. cfm? ID=344 (Retrieved Dec 4, 2011) Sturner, Pamela n. d. (Online) Colombian Americans. Available http//www. everyculture. com/multi/Bu-Dr/Colombian-Americans. hypertext markup languageb (Retrieved Dec 4,2011) Colombias Civil War (Online) PBS. Available http//www. pbs. org/newshour/bb/latin_america/colombia/timeline. html (Retrieved Dec 4, 2011)

Bradley Manning Responsible For the Largest Intelligence Leak in the History of the United States Essay

Bradley Manning Responsible For the Largest Intelligence Leak in the History of the United States (Your Name Here)UMUC CSIA 301Bradley Manning may be liable for the medium-largest perception leak in the history of the United States . The U.S. Government alleges that Bradley Manning was responsible for leaking classified intelligence, causing it to be published on the internet which make it forthcoming to the enemy. The Government has aerated Manning with 22 charges under the Uni approach patterned Code of Military Justice, UCMJ, to include espionage. If convicted, Manning could face confinement for life or the death penalty . In an interview with Frontline, Adrian Lamo, a convicted hacker, states that Manning contacted him via online chat and confessed that he had leaked hundreds of documents to Julian Assange, the editor of a website called WikiLeaks. Type of Br individuallyBradley Manning is an example of the intimately dangerous type of enemy, an insider. Insiders pose card inal of the greatest security threats. The main aspect that makes insiders such a potent threat is the amount of data they have access to . In an interview with Adrian Lamo, Manning boasted roughly the amount of information he leaked to WikiLeaks. He claimed to have leaked, 250,000 State department diplomatic cables and 500,000 classified field reports from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Being charged with espionage, Bradley Manning is one of the close to dangerous types of insiders, because the information he leaked potentially put American lives in danger and caused harm to our nation.Bradley Manning was not driven by the same motivation that drives most people who commit crimes such as the ones that Manning has been accused of. Manning was not motivated by financial gain. He claims that he leaked the information because the information needed to be in public view. He has expressed an extreme dislike for the US array and the way the US Government conducts its self in the g lobal arena. He claims that he could have sold this information to the Chinese or Russians, but instead chose to give it toWikiLeaks via Julian Assange . How the Breach OccurredThe question arises how Bradley Manning gained access to such a large quantity of intelligence. Since September 11, 2001, the 9/11 Commission has changed the way intelligence agencies handle information sharing. Agencies presently share raw intelligence with each other, because it is believed that if that policy had been in place earlier then the tragedy on September 11 could have been avoided. Manning had access to the network know as the transude Internet Protocol Router Network, or SIPRNet. SIPRNet is where Manning downloaded most of the information he leaked. Manning was an intelligence analyst. His job was information aggregation. He would analyze large amounts of raw intelligence and form it into smaller, more concise reports . This is not what Manning leaked, he leaked raw intelligence.Some of this r aw intelligence was uploaded to WikiLeaks via the internet, however the majority of the data was downloaded onto compact disks. Manning recalls one instance to Lamo approximately downloading data to a disk labeled Lady Gaga. In an online communication with Lamo, Manning wrote, No one had ever taken note of him, and no one did now everyone just sat at their workstations watching music videos / car chases / buildings exploding and writing more stuff to CD/DVD. In order to download large amounts of raw relevant data, Manning uploaded data mining software. This software allows one to sort or index files on a computer or network. Then a search for key words will select the information based on desired parameters .Lamo suggests this implicates Julian Assange as a coconspirator in espionage with Manning. He claims that Assange gave Manning the parameters for the information that would be the most useful. If it can be proven that WikiLeaks coached or persuaded Manning to steal classified information then everyone involved can be charged with espionage. WikiLeaks operates under the unique model that all sources are unknown to them and the information they are given is unsolicited. If these two conditions are met, WikiLeaks is not guilty of collusion . The cultivation Security TriadThe primary point of damage to the Information Security Triad by Manning is Confidentiality. By downloading raw intelligence from SIPRNet Manning didnot damage the justice or the availability of the data. This would have been contrary to his goal. Manning planned to release the information. The information would have been useless if it had been altered or make unavailable, and this could have potentially made it easier for him to get caught. He never planned to get caught. Manning was arrested as a direct result of the online chat conversations he had with Lamo, not from the Army discovering what he had been up to. Technological Improvements that Would Help Prevent RecurrenceSome technol ogical improvements that could have prevented Manning from stealing classified information would be to disable USB ports through the BIOS and password cheer the BIOS. If computers had CD ROMs not burners then it would not be possible to download any information from a network onto a disk using Department of Defense, DOD, computers. It has not been clearly published how Manning was able to upload data mining software on his computer or on the SIPRNet. These points were brought up in a congressional hearing where Senator Collins brought up the point that the intelligence community was already required to have audit capabilities installed by 2007.This could have helped expose the occurrence that more than a quarter of a million classified documents were downloaded in less than two months. Role-based access to secure systems is also another possible solution. This would cockeyed that all information of a certain clearance level would not be accessible to everyone with that same clear ance. Role-based access would be used in happenstance with the mandatory access control that is currently in place. This would have limited the amount of information that Manning would have had access to .The extent of damage Bradley Manning has done to intelligence sharing or US operations overseas cannot be quantified. The effects are too far reaching and still ongoing. Bradley Manning is still being held in prison awaiting trial. Many are calling Manning a whistle-blower. Whistle blowers release specific information of an embarrassing, illegal or negligent nature to right most wrong. Manning potentially put American lives in danger by releasing vast amounts of data from unnamed sources. Manning was operating on the hacker premise that all information should be free. There are peoplethat protect our freedom and rely on confidentiality of information to stay alive. Manning is not a whistle-blower or a hero as many online publications would suggest. He is a sad case of an individu al given to much responsibility we can only hope our intelligence community moves forward and not backward as a result of Bradley Mannings actions.Works CitedAffairs, M. P. (2011, March 3). Manning faces more charges for classified leaks. Retrieved from The Official domicile Page of the United States Army http//www.army.mil/article/52773/ Fishman, S. (2011, July 3). Bradley Mannings Army of One How a lonely, five-foot-two, gender-questioning soldier became a WikiLeaks hero, a traitor to the U.S., and one of the most unaccustomed revolutionaries in American history. Retrieved from New York News & Features http//nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ INFORMATION SHARING IN THE ERA OF WIKILEAKS BALANCING SECURITY AND COLLABORATION, S. Hrg. 112-219 (ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS premier SESSION March 10, 2011). Retrieved from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66677/html/CHRG-112shrg66677.htm Lamo, A. (2011, May 24). WikiSecrets. Frontline. PBS. Retrieved from http//vide o.pbs.org/video/1946795242/ Miles, D. (2012, June 6). News American Forces Press Service. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Defense http//www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116654 Miller, B. H. (2011, September).The Death of Secrecy Need to roll in the haywith. Studies in Intelligence, 55(3), 13-18. Retrieved from https//www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csistudies/studies/vol.-55-no.-3/pdfs/Studies%2055-3%20-7-Oct-2011.pdf Pfleeger, C. P., & Pfleeger, S. L. (2006). Security in Computing (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA Prentice Hall PTR. Wendy, G. (2011, April). Aggregation the hidden risk. Computer Fraud & Security, 2011(4), 18-20. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/10.1016/S1361-3723(11)70043-4 Zetter, K. (2011, April 4). Army Manning Snuck Data-Mining Software Onto Secret Network. Retrieved from Wired http//www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/04/manning-data-mining/

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 30

Like a Shadow on Me All of the TimeVeronica drops us off in front of the Plaza Hotel on Saturday, saying, Break a leg, just before she pulls away. I follow Tiffany into the lobby, where four towers of water shoot turn out of a large initiation at least ten feet up in the air. Real fish swim around in the pool of water, and signs read do not throw coins into the fountain. Tiffany has been here before. She walks adjust past the information desk and leads me through a maze of h anyways with gold wallpaper and swanky- waiting light fixtures that be all large bronze fish with lightbulbs in their lips. Finally, we light upon the hall where the spring recital will take billet.Red curtains frame a large stage. A huge banner hangs high supra the dance floor it reads dance away depression. We try to register at a desk, and it becomes obvious that we are the first contestants to show up, because the fat woman who is in germinate of registration says, Registration is not for another i nstant.We sit down in the last row of seats. I look around. A huge chandelier dangles above us, and the ceiling is not just a regular ceiling, plainly has all sorts of plaster flowers and angels and other fancy affairs sticking out of it. Tiffany is nervous. She keeps cracking her knuckles. be you okeh? I ask.Please dont talk to me before the performance. Its perverting luck.So I sit in that location and start to get nervous myself, especially since I feel a lot more riding on this competition than Tiffany does, and she is obviously rattled. I try not to think about losing my chance to s break Nikki a letter, but of course this is all I house think about.When other contestants lead off to arrive, I notice that most of them look like high shallow students, and I think this is strange, but I do not say anything mostly because I am not allowed to talk to Tiffany.We register, give our music to the break guy, who remembers Tiffany from last year, I k promptly, because he says, You again? After Tiffany nods, we are backstage, changing. Thankfully, Im able to slip into my tights before any of the other contestants make it backstage.In the further corner, Im intellecting my own business, sitting with Tiffany, when an queasy woman waddles over and says to Tiffany, I know you dancers are pretty liberal about your bodies. But do you sincerely comport me to allow my teenage daughter to change in front of this half-naked man?Tiffany is really nervous now. I know because she does not curse out this ugly woman, who reminds me of the nurses in the bad place, especially since she is so out of shape and has a poofy old-lady haircut.Well? the mom says.I see a storage codat on the other side of the room. How about I go in in that respect while e genuinelyone else changes?Fine with me, the woman says.Tiffany and I enter the supply closet, which is full of woebegone costumes from what must flip been a childrens show all sorts of pajama-looking suits that would make me look like a lion or a tiger or a zebra if I put one on. A dusty box of percussion instru ments tambourines, triangles, cymbals, and wooden sticks you bang together reminds me of the music room in the bad place and music relaxation class, which I attended until I was kicked out. And and then I abide this terrifying thought What if one of the other contestants is dancing to a Kenny G song?You need to picture out what songs the other dancers are performing to, I tell Tiffany.I told you not to talk to me before the performance.Just find out whether anyone is dancing to any songs played by a smooth jazz performer whose initials are K.G.After a second she says, Kenny I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind.Jesus Christ, Tiffany says, but then stands and leaves the closet.Ten minutes later she returns. No music by that person, Tiffany says, and then sits down.Are you sure?I said no Kenny G.I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silentl y count to ten, blanking my mind.We hear a knock, and when Tiffany opens the door, I see that many moms are backstage now. The woman who knocked tells Tiffany that all the dancers have checked in and are changed. When I leave the storage closet, I am shocked to see that Tiffany and I are the oldest contestants by at least fifteen years. We are surrounded by teenage girls.Dont let their innocent looks suck up you, Tiffany says. Theyre all miniature pit vipers and extraordinarily gifted dancers.Before the auditory sense arrives, we are given a chance to practice on the Plaza Hotel stage. We collar our crook unblemishedly, but most of the other dancers also nail their impressive routines as well, which makes me worry we will not win.Just before the competition begins, the contestants are brought out before the crowd. When Tiffany and I are announced, we take the stage, wave, and the applause is mild. The lights make it hard to see, but I spot Tiffanys parents in the front row, s eated with little Emily, Ronnie, Veronica, and a middle-aged woman who I guess is Dr. Lily, Tiffanys therapist, because Tiffany told me that her therapist would be in attendance. I s stool the rest of the rows quickly as we walk offstage, but I do not see my mother. No Jake. No Dad. No Cliff. I catch myself feeling sad, even though I did not really expect anyone but Mom to show up. Maybe Mom is out there somewhere, I think, and the thought makes me feel a little take careter.Backstage, in my mind I admit that the other contestants authoritative more applause than we did, which means their fan bases are larger than ours. Even though the woman who announced us is now giving a speech, saying this is a showcase and not a competition, I worry that Tiffany will not get the golden trophy, which would pour down my chance to write Nikki letters.We are scheduled to perform last, and as the other girls do their numbers, the applause ranges from mild to enthusiastic, which surprises me, beca use during the preshow rehearsal, I thought all the routines were excellent.But obligation before we are set to dance, when little Chelsea subgenus Chen concludes her ballet number, the applause is thunderous.What did she do out there to get such best applause? I ask Tiffany.Dont talk to me before the performance, she says, and I start to feel very nervous.The woman in charge of the recital announces our names, and the applause is a little livelier than what we received before the competition. Right before I lie down at the back of the stage, I look to see if maybe Jake or Cliff showed up late, but all I see when I look out into the audience is the hot white from the spotlights that are on me. Before I have a chance to think, the music starts.Piano notes verbose and sad.I begin my incredibly drawn-out crawl to center stage, using lonesome(prenominal) my arms.The male joint sings, Turn around Bonnie Tyler answers, Every now and then I get a little bit lonely and youre never com ing round.At this point Tiffany runs onto the stage and leaps over me like a gazelle or some other animal that is beautifully nimble. As the two voices continue to exchange verses, Tiffany does her thing running, jumping, tumbling, spinning, sliding modern dance.When the drums kick in, I stand and make a huge circle with my arms so people will know that I am the sun and I have risen. Tiffanys movements also become more fervent. When Bonnie Tyler builds up to the chorus, singing, Together we can take it to the end of the line your dear is like a shadow on me all of the time, we go into the first lift. I dont know what to do and Im always in the dark. I have Tiffany up over my head I am steady as a rock I am performing flawlessly. Were living in a grind keg and giving off sparks. I begin to rotate Tiffany as she lifts her legs out into a split and Bonnie Tyler sings, I really need you to shadow Forevers gonna start tonight Forevers gonna start tonight. We make a 360-degree rotation , and when Bonnie Tyler sings, Once upon a time I was falling in love, but now Im unless falling apart, Tiffany rolls forward down into my arms and I lower her to the floor as if she were dead and I, as the sun, mourn her. Nothing I can say, a total eclipse of the heart.When the music builds again, she explodes upward and begins to fly all around the stage so beautifully.As the song continues, I again make huge, slow circles with my arms, representing the sun as best I can. I know the routine so well, I can think about other things while I am performing, so I begin to think that I am actually nailing this performance pretty easily and it is a shame my family and friends are not here to see me dancing so excellently. Even though we will most likely not win the audiences loudest applause especially after Chelsea Chen obviously brought every single one of her family members to the performance I begin to think we will win anyway. Tiffany is really good, and as she flies by me so man y times, I begin to admire her in a way I had not previously. She has kicked her game up a notch for the competition and is now showing a part of herself I had not previously seen. If she was crying with her body for the last month or so, whenever we practiced in her studio, she is weeping uncontrollably with her body tonight, and you would have to be a stone not to feel what she is offering the audience.But then Bonnie Tyler is singing, Together we can make it to the end of the line, which means it is time for the second lift the hardest one so I lower myself into a squatting position and place the backs of my hands on my shoulders. As the song builds, Tiffany stands on my palms, and when Bonnie Tyler sings, I really need you tonight, Tiffany bends her knees, so I engage my leg muscles and push upward as flying as I can, extending my arms, elevating my palms. Tiffany shoots high up into the air, does a full flip, falls into my arms, and as the chorus dies down, we gaze into each others eyes. Once upon a time I was falling in love, but now Im whole falling apart. Nothing I can do, a total eclipse of the heart. She falls from my arms, as if dead, and I being the sun set, which means I lie back on the floor and use only my arms to slowly push myself backward and out of the spotlight, which takes almost a full minute.The music fades.Silence. For a second I worry that no one will clap.But then the house explodes with applause.When Tiffany stands, I do too. Just like we practiced so many times, I hold Tiffanys hand and take a bow, at which time the applause thickens and the audience stands.Im so happy, but at the same time I am sad because none of my family and friends came to support me but then I hear the loudest Eagles hum I have ever heard in my entire life. E-A-G-L-E-S EAGLES I look up toward the back rows, and not only do I spot Jake and Caitlin and Mom, but also Scott and the fat men and Cliff and the entire Asian trespass. They are all wearing Eagl es jerseys, and I start to laugh when they begin to chant, Baskett Baskett Baskett BaskettIn the front row, Ronnie is smiling at me proudly. He gives me the thumbs-up when we make eye contact. Veronica is also smiling, and so is little Emily, but Mrs. Webster is crying and smiling at the same time, which is when I realize that she thinks our dance was really beautiful enough to make her cry.Tiffany and I run offstage, and the high school girls congratulate us with their gawp eyes and their smiles and their chatter. Oh, my God. That was so amazing they all say. It is easy to see that every one of them admires Tiffany because Tiffany is an excellent dancer and a talented choreographer.Finally Tiffany faces me and says, You were perfectNo, you were perfect I say. Do you think we won?She smiles and looks down at her feet.What? I say.Pat, I need to tell you something.What?Theres no gold trophy.What?There are no winners at Dance Away Depression. Its just an exhibition. I made up the par t about the wreath just to motivate you.Oh.And it worked, because you were beautiful out there onstage Thank you, and I will be your liaison, Tiffany says just before she kisses me on the lips and hugs me for a very long time. Her kiss tastes salty from the dancing, and it is strange to have Tiffany hugging me so passionately in front of so many teenage girls in tights especially because I am shirtless and my torso is freshly shaved and also I do not like to be touched by anyone except Nikki.So now that we are done dancing, can I talk about Eagles football again? Because I have a lot of Eagles fans out there waiting for me.After nailing the routine, you can do whatever you want, Pat, Tiffany whispers into my ear, and then I wait a long time for her to stop hugging me.After I change in the storage closet, Tiffany tells me there are no more naked teenagers backstage, so I go to greet my fans. When I hop down off the stage, Mrs. Webster grabs my hands, looks into my eyes, and says, Thank you. She keeps looking into my eyes, but the old woman doesnt say anything else, which makes me feel sort of weird.Finally Veronica says, What my mother means to say is that tonight meant a lot to Tiffany.Emily points at me and says, pablumThats right, Em, Ronnie says. Uncle Pat.Pap Pap PapWe all laugh, but then I hear fifty Indian men chanting, Baskett Baskett BaskettBetter go greet your raucous fans, Ronnie says, so I walk up the aisle toward the sea of Eagles jerseys. Other audience members I dont know pat me on the back and congratulate me as I weave my way through them.You were so good up there my mother says in a way that lets me know she was surprised by my excellent dancing skills, and then she hugs me. Im so proudI hug her back and then ask, Is Dad here?Forget Dad, Jake says. You got sixty or so wild men waiting to take you to the most epic tail adit party of your life.Hope you werent planning on getting any sleep tonight, Caitlin says to me.You get to end the Pat Peoples curse? Cliff asks me.What? I say.The Birds havent won since you stopped watching. Tonight were taking drastic measures to end the curse, Scott says. Were sleeping in the Asian Invasion bus, right outside the Wachovia parking lot. We set up the tailgate party at daybreak.Ashwini is driving around the block right now, waiting for us, Cliff says. So. Are you ready?I am a little shaken by the news, especially since I just finished such an excellent dance routine and was hoping to simply enjoy the accomplishment for more than ten minutes. I dont have my clothes.But my mom pulls my Baskett jersey out of a duffel bag I hadnt noticed before and says, You have everything you need in here.What about my meds?Cliff holds up a little plastic bag with my pills inside.Before I can say or do anything else, the Asian Invasion begins chanting louder Baskett Baskett Baskett The fat men pick me up above their heads and carry me out of the auditorium, past the fountain full of fish, out of the P laza Hotel, and onto the streets of Philadelphia. And then I am in the Asian Invasion bus, drinking a beer and singing, Fly, Eagles, fly On the road to advantage In South Philadelphia, we stop at Pats for cheesesteaks which take a long time to prepare, as there are sixty or so of us, and no one would dare go next door to Genos Steaks, because Genos steaks are inferior and then we are at the Wachovia parking lot, parked just outside the gate so we will be the first vehicle admitted in the morning and therefore will be guaranteed the lucky parking spot. We drink, sing, throw a some footballs, and run around on the concrete we roll out the Astroturf and play a few Kubb games under the streetlights, and even though I have only had two or three beers, I begin to tell everyone I love them because they came to my dance recital, and I also tell them Im sorry for abandoning the Eagles mid-season and that it was for a good reason, but I just cant say what and then I am on a bus seat and Cliff is waking me up, saying, You forgot to take your night meds.When I wake up the next morning, my head is on Jakes shoulder, and it feels good to be so close to my brother, who is still asleep. Quietly I stand and look around and realize that everyone Scott, the fat men, Cliff, all fifty or so Asian Invasion members is asleep on the bus. Two or three men are sleeping in every seat, with their heads on each others shoulders. Everywhere brothers.I tiptoe to the front of the bus, past Ashwini, who in the drivers seat is asleep with his mouth wide open.Once outside, on the small patch of grass between the street and the sidewalk, I begin the same push-up and sit-up routine I employ to do back in the bad place, before I had access to free weights and a stationary bike and the Stomach Master 6000.After an hour or so, first light comes.As I finish the last set of sit-ups, I feel as though I have burned-over off my cheesesteak and the beers I drank the night before, but I cant hel p feeling like I should go for a run, so I run a few miles, and when I return, my friends are still sleeping.As I stand next to Ashwini and watch my boys sleep, I feel happy because I have so many friends a whole busful.I realize that I left the Plaza Hotel without saying goodbye to Tiffany, and I feel a little bad about that, even though she said I could do whatever I wanted after we performed so well. Also I am very eager to write my first letter to Nikki. But there is Eagles football to think about now, and I know that an Eagles victory is just about the only thing that will smooth things over with my father, so I begin to hope, and I even say a little prayer to God, who I bet was pretty impressed with my dance routine last night, so maybe He will cut me a break today. Looking at all those sleeping faces, I realize I have missed my green-shirted brothers, and I begin to anticipate the day.

Natural Resource and Future Generations Justice Essay

Today we depart discuss the ethics of conserving depletable resources. Points to be covered in this lesson It might appear that we switch an obligation to observe resources for future coevalss because they have an liken right to the limited resources of this planet. Conservation of resources Economic emergence vs conservation Future contemporariess have an equal right to the planets limited resources By depleting these resources we are depriving them of what is rightfully theirs So we ought to do our utmost to practice conservation To minimize depletion To avoid violating the rights of future generations However, some of the writers claimed that it is a misapprehension to think that future generations have rights and there are three main reasons for that 1. Future generation do not exist right now and may never exist. Since there is a possibility that future generation may never exist, they cannot possess rights. 2. If future generations did have rights, then we might be lead to the absurd conclusion that we must sacrifice our entire civilization for their sake. 3.We can alone say that someone has a certain right only if we screw that he or she has a certain by-line, which that right protects. The purpose of a right, after all, is to protect the interests of the right-holder, but we are virtually ignorant of what interests future generation will have. Justice to Future Generations John Rawls that while it is foul to impose disproportionately heavy burdens on present generations for the sake of future generations, it is also unjust for present generations to leave nothing for future generations. What do you mean by the word Conservation?Utilitarian Analysis also favors this theory Each generation has a duty to maximize the future beneficial consequences of its actions and to minimize their future injurious consequences for succeeding generations, as well as themselves. However, utilitarians have claimed, these future consequences should be discounted in proportion to their questionablety and to their distance in the future. Unfortunately, we cannot rely on market mechanisms to ensure that scarce resources are conserved for future generations. The market registers only the effective demands of present participants and the actual supplies presently being made available.William Shepherd and Clair Wilcox explained six reasons for the heavy discounting or live for today character of markets endangered species that we should aspire steps to ensure that the rate of consumption of fossil fuels and of minerals does not carry to rise that we should cut down our consumption and production of those goods that depend on nonrenewable resources that we should recycle nonrenewable resources that we should search for substitutes for materials that we are too rapidly depleting. Economic Growth? However, to many observers conservation measures fall far short of what is needed.Several writers have argued that if we are to preserve en ough scarce resources so that future genera- tions can maintain their quality of life at a satisfactory level, we shall have to mixed bag our economies substantially, particu-larly by scaling down our pursuit of economic growth Others argue that economic systems will have to abandon their goal of steadily increasing pro-duction, and countersink in its place the goal of decreasing production until it has been scaled down to a steady state- that is, a evince at which the tot up popula-tion and the total stock of physical wealth are maintained constant at some desired levels by a minimal rate of maintenance throughout (that is, by birth and- death rates that are equal at the lowest feasible level, and by physical pro-duction and consumption rates that are equal at the lowest feasible level). The conclusion that economic growth must be abandoned if society is to be able to deal with the problems of diminishing resources has been chal-lenged. It is at least arguable that adherence to continual economic growth promises to degrade the quality of life of future generations. The arguments for this claim are simple, stark, and highly controversial.If the worlds economies continue to pursue the goal of economic growth the demand for depletable resources will continue to rise. But since world resources are finite, at some point supplies will simply run out. We can expect a collapse of the major economic institutions (that is, of manufacturing and financial institutions, communication networks, the service industries) which in turn will bring down the political and social institutions (that is, centralized govern- ments, education and cultural programs, scientific and technological development, health care). Living standards will then decline sharply in the wake of widespread star-vation and political dislocations.Various scenarios for this sequence of events have been constructed, all of them more or less specula- tive and necessarily based on uncertain assumptions. Multiple access If a resource can be used by several different extractors, then the shared access will needfully lead the resource to be depleted too fast For example several people with straws in the same milkshake, it will be in the occult interest of each to suck faster to get the most for themselves Time preferences and myopia Firms generally have short time horizons Under the stresses of competition talented to give insufficient weight to the demands of future generations Inadequate forecasting Present users may simply fail to foresee future Consequences for example DDT sprayer in the 50s no one foresaw that it would build up in the environment with harmful effects Short run tax breaks and other incentives Encourage as well rapid use of resources Resource depletion like pollution, an external cost, not borne directly by the firm . So its in the economic self interest of the firm to ignore this cost Special influences External effects Distribution private market decisi ons are based on existing patterns of wealth and income dissemination Resource users, in effect, vote with their dollars about what to produce in what amounts so the richer the individual the more say they have in what the market produces Future generations having as yet no wealth or income have as yet no vote Doomsday Scenario If the present situation continues Explosive population growth will happen because of The only means of conserving for the future, then, appears to be unpaid worker policies of conservation. Rawls view implies that while we should not sacrifice the cultural advances we have made, we should adopt voluntary or legal measures to conserve those resources and environmental benefits that we can reasonably assume our immediate posterity will need if they are to live lives with a revolution of available choices comparable, at least, to ours. This means that we should preserve wild life and Declining death rates Relatively stable birth rates Worlds econom ies continue to expand

Impact of National Culture on Organisational Principles

Discuss the impact of guinea pig glossiness on organisational principles and behaviour in TWO of the following China, Japan and/or India. What do you consider to be the most important differences with the West? National culture can be classified as the collective mental programming of a society (Hofstede, 1980). The culture will eat great repercussions on the way the way organisations and the different sectors at heart them atomic number 18 run. Managing them and controlling the human resources will also be dealt with agree to the undertake culture of the country.It is vital for organisations to understand the culture of different countries that they may be dealing with internationally or have multinational corporations in spite of appearance. This is because the collection of beliefs, habits and traditions within another(prenominal) nations may vary drastically from their own. The Japanese have a strong national culture that affects the way organisations behave and the dif ferent principles within them. The national culture is important as it helps structure the culture of organisations. People then know what is acceptable, certain ways to behave and value.They have a number of laws to brave by and for this reason it is very important to follow the culture. A competitive advantage can also be gained as the culture is different to other nations. Children are encouraged to work very catchy and it is not about the degree they get but quite how they use what they have learnt and put it into workout that counts. As they are given employment for life in a certain organisation, rather than moving from troupe to company, they are very hardworking and dedicated. luggage compartment postures show respect and bowing for reeting people is common along with gift giving for ethical effort. If a mistake is made, one does not get in trouble for it as the Japanese simply believe it is a lesson that has been learnt and honesty is key. Teamwork is vital for the Jap anese. Countless managers in Japan feel their employees are motivated by working as a team. This is because as they are all working towards the same goal they share many an(prenominal) responsibilities and get along well with distributively other, hence enjoying their job. This is a characteristic of Ouchis Theory Z when they are satisfied with their input towards the organisation.Japanese managers believe in consensus and cooperation and use the bottom-up rather than the top down structure in the decision making process. The hierarchical structure cannot easily be seen as everyone cooperates hugely within the decision making process and dealing with tasks. Managers highlight the necessity for information to flow throughout the entire organisation be it top or bottom and feel the need for everyone in the organisation to participate. They should be available at all times and readily be enthusiastic to sharing information with the rest of the organisation.The Japanese have been pra cticing upon many techniques in their organisations which help them in their general working lives. Samuel K. M. Hos 5-S practice is a procedure which is used to institute quality within the workplace. These five words when translated into English imply organisation, neatness, cleaning, standardisation and discipline. The people of Japan feel if they preserve this quality, it can be used as a goodly promotional tool. Another well known practice carried out by the Japanese is something called kaizen, which simply means continuous improvement.Kaizen is a strategy that aims to exact everyone in the workforce by getting them to think of any improvements for the business frequently. It is a Taylorist approach which helps employees feel recognised and gives responsibility. This is done by carrying out tasks in teams, providing personal discipline and improved morale to the workforce. Quality circles are carried out in which employees give opinions and suggest improvements. The Just In Time Production theory is something the Japanese use which is very efficient. It focuses on getting the right material at the right time, at the right place and in the exact measurement (Authorstream).This is done in order to save manufacturing costs and has many advantages one of which is it helps prevent stock going out of date as the right substance is produced. So overall, in Japan the national culture affect the organisational principles and behaviour greatly. Organisations expect loyalty, commitment and hard work from the workforce in return for good pay. The culture determines the way in which people are brought up, who is chosen in which organisation and the way people do things in their everyday lives is due to the specified culture.The culture of China varies from region to region within it but overall the culture is homogeneous. The government have been a considerable influence to the culture in organisation as it changes views to suit their needs. There was a cultur al revolution from 1966 to 1976 which slightly changed the culture of China because of economic reasons. The previous system hugely converged on philosophy, literature and history but now the national culture has become to a greater extent open with the world. The main factor of the Chinese culture is politeness.In everyday life, in and out of the workplace politeness determines an individuals personality. Organisations usually select those who have the best attitude and family are usually giving precedence before anyone else. As with Japan, lifetime employment is also the case with China and the organisation become like family to the employee. Respect is very important and the Chinese essential ensure they give this at all times in order to prevent the loss of face. Once someone in China loses face, they are regarded as untrustworthy and lose their dignity along with their self respect.Greetings in China are usually made with the face and the Chinese depend on facial expressions and tone for reputation and respect. As with Japan, teamwork is vital in China as this guarantees good cooperation within the organisation. Gifts are given as recognition of hard work and appreciation and are also used for motivation. Long term kinds are also much more valued rather than quick legal proceeding as the Chinese find it easier to function when they have contacts. This is a more family way of working and is part of Guanxi.Guanxi literally means any type of relationship (Chinese-school) and a favour is usually done for a favour in return. However, he difference from the Japanese culture is in China there are clear levels of hierarchy and people are usually judged according to their status. The seniors will always be given priority and no decisions can be taken upon without their consent. If mistakes are made in China it is regarded as a huge weakness. Confucianism has largely influenced the Chinese. It is a complex system of moral, social, political and religious codes (Smith, 1973).It is unequal and values men more than women. There are fewer women in the workforce and they are regarded to have less importance than men. Overall, there are many similarities in both eastern countries, Japan and China, with further a few differences. Every nation has their own culture which makes them different and gives a competitive advantage over others. The people in these nations abide by the certain cultures sustaining them throughout generations. There are many differences in the way national culture impacts organisational principles and behaviour in China and Japan than in the West.In Japan, hierarchies are not so clear whereas they are very clear in China. In Western countries, company structures change depending on which industry is being looked at but the overall hierarchies will still be of importance. In both Japan and China, social relationships mean a lot and people usually get given employment due to family and friends and build them up from there . Once they receive employment within a firm, it is usually lifetime employment and they treat the firm like family.However in Western countries, people are given jobs according to their degree and on a professional level. People switch from company to company and their role moves up if they are top performers. Western countries unlike the Eastern are only concerned with employees on a work basis. This is different to Eastern countries that are judged on both home and work and actions outside the workplace can be severe. Men and women are not looked at differently in the Western countries but in Japan and China are given a level status and fewer women have top positions within the workforce.When a mistake is made in a Western country it is usually overlooked however in Japan it is counted as part of the learning process and in China it is regarded as a weakness. In Japan, decisions are made by groups of up to one hundred people whereas in Western countries they are finalised by onl y about ten people. Regardless, decisions are still usually made quick in the East than they are in the West. Corruption is something that occurs widely in China which causes certain decisions to be taken that benefit the prosperous making the rich richer and the poor poorer.This does not occur much in Western countries as in the UK, such Cartels exist to reduce corruptive actions. There are many similarities and a few differences between both Western countries, Japan and China that have been listed above. The main difference in culture is the East usually treats their nations more as family and actions inside and outside the work place are something they have to account for. The differences are become fewer though, as these Eastern countries are soft being influenced by the West because of internationalism.Referenceshttp//chinese-school.netfirms.com/guanxi.htmlhttp//www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Nguvananh_07b-311673-time-product-business-english-3-finance-ppt-powerpoint/

Current Rights of Women in India Essay

In America women wargon the right to work, vote, and own just ab stunned anything that they can afford. The except thing limiting them is their credit score, or the limit that the bank determines. These may seem akin rights that are universal because the reality of America is not the dismays that several(predicate) countries wear to deal with. In other countries this luxury of Equal Rights is not common, and is actually rejected and avoided by all costs. Some countries do not rely in these rights because of their religion, and what theyve been taught.How can a fundamental value not be learned? Other countries just do not know any different than the man as the hunter or provider, and the woman as the caregiver or housekeeper. These roles in America only recently began to be shared amongst the sexual activitys, and to this day these roles are not confirmed by any means. Other countries are beginning to open their mind to other policies mostly because of influences of other cult ures, and it is about time this happens.Some of the horrifying conditions that women in India accept to deal with are issues that no women would ever want to fathom, and is very unfortunate. Not always being granted the qualification to gain an education, being married at a youthful age without any posit in the choice of a partner, and unwanted abortion of effeminate fetuses are just a few that surface news channels. Those disturbing issues listed above are what these women have to deal with regularly and have no trust of these troubles ever changing because of what some(prenominal) people in some cultures call beliefs.Media has placed great emphasis on the stories that depict that the womens rights in India have been improving over the past few decades. Improvement can be misinterpreted when a third world sphere is involved, because any change that is not for the hit can be considered an improvement. What has really improved? Is it going to be up to the women to determine at which point they feel like they are an equal gender in this country? Until this point, there is no telling how long this can take. Cultural Belief of EqualityThe problem lies in the internal practices of the country. India is a country which mainly operates from the religious inclinations of the population. Be that as it may, how can anyone question their beliefs, and furthermore, who is to say that these practices do or dont work? Shouldnt the answer of whether or not their current policies are effective come from the source the women in this country? In 1926 Sarojini Naidu, the first female president of the Indian National copulation party, had helped achieve the right for women to vote along with the men.It had taken, like most political victories in India for women, a great deal of time and patience (Roy, 2012, para. 15). Indian night club is also one of the worlds most culturally diverse, with innumerable linguistic, cultural, and religious groups. Due to the diversity of the Indian populace, Indian policy bemusers have confront a tough challenge in ensuring that the individual rights of its citizens, including women, are protected (Balancing Minority Rights and Gender Justice The Impact of Protecting Multiculturalism on Womens Rights in India, 2005, p. 05).This is a country where religion has always ruled their judicial and ethical structure, and because of this it will need to be a common agreement that there needs to be a change from within. The Butalia (1998) website describes a poor woman Rojammas who took a literacy class. She read a story about a woman who had to contain physical abuse from her husband due to his drinking habit. The woman in the story went through the village speaking with the other women to see who had the said(prenominal) problem as her.She determined that the reason for most of the abuse is that their husbands would go to work, and come home and spend all of their money on alcohol. The husbands would get upset when th e women werent able to feed them because all of their money was spent at the liquor stores. The women rallied and protested at the liquor stores and eventually, in Andhra Pradesh liquor was banned. As a result, families were able to save, military force rates dropped, and life seemed to improve for these people.Unfortunately women are no longer able to be seen in the streets protesting. These brave women were able to make a difference, and had the effectiveness and tools to do so. Since then, their power of protest and voice has been taken. Is this an improvement, and if so, what is next? The nineteenth century was to be considered the age of the women, because all over the world womens rights and wrongs were the main event of heated discussion amongst the world.Different countries such and France, Russia, England and Germany began spreading women consciousness, and more towards the mid nineteenth century, Russia began having issues with reformers and anarchist because of the qu estion that was being widely spread across the nations should women have rights? Although these issues were now arising throughout most countries, in India, the men still see it as men have all power and women obey as they are told. This now brings us with todays issue that is still being fought in India and even in some other countries.Women now come across broken promises and the possibility of women rights when those rights were already being fought for and stated in the Indian Constitution. In the Constitution it states that every single womans and girls well-being and safety paramount that their liberties and rights are not to be challenged on the basis of attire or profession that they are treated equally. (Womens Rights in India, 2009) With that being said, this is not the case of what is going on with the women in India one in particular that was being socially, economically, and politically deprived.This is what is being said about this situation. The police force commis sioner on the other hand has referred to the recent attacks on women as mere incidents of eve teasing. While eve-teasing is itself a term specific to the South Asian region, associated with unsolicited verbal harassment like catcalls, whistles and/or remarks directed towards women, the incidents that he so casually referred to were actual assaults on women for being dressed in western attire. more importantly, even eve teasing calls for action against the perpetrators (Womens Rights in India, 2009).It is not ethical for any one person to use their stature for their own individualised gain. Although, different countries do have different ethics/cultural ethics, morals and religious beliefs they choose to abide by, does not mean it is not right to lay women as sexual objects, different because of their personal beliefs, or even their own sense of style. How can one be punished because of the attire they chose to wear? Women have come so far from being just a house wife, to workin g while World War 1 was taking place, to connexion the army to help our fellow soldiers fight for this country, to running as a presidential candidate.Women bleed, breath, think, feel emotion and get hurt physically just like men do, so why do we treat women any differently than a male? If you look back into Egyptian history, Greek Mythology and even some of the Gods that were Political figures to us at one point in time were women Aphrodite, Artemis, Isis and etc. Women should be granted the exact same rights as the men in this world because they contribute to a lot of the findings we discover, cures we find, the birth our children, some of the things we study and so forth. Will we ever be able to look passed all of the things that we say and do about/towards women?Is it possible to give the rights that we promised for so many years to the women of our country and the other countries that have promised the exact same thing? Discrimination is such a huge discussion amongst our comm unity today because it continues to thrive off of those that are not subjective to change. Change is exactly what we need to bring out the different opinions between cultures, and religious beliefs. Although it is a belief, that does not mean that it is morally right to believe it is ok to treat women in a certain musical mode that we see as correct.The mixed bag of laws, bills, commitments, broken promises, new pledges and fresh possibilities for womens rights comes with its share of anticipation and disappointments. Will promises be converted into laws and will prejudices make way for a little more tolerance and a little less chauvinism? Will social perceptions of women and their traditionally assigned roles in fraternity witness a change under the collective pressure of government laws and social campaigns? And will society eventually look at girls through the same lens that they see boys? And yet hope survives

Name of Student

The official UN aid Website This material will provide the undermentioned information 1) AIDS Epidemic Update 2) identify on the Global AIDS Epidemic 3) Report on the Global AIDS 4) human immunodeficiency virus Data 5) 2008 Report on the Global AIDS 6) natural events of AIDS in different countries 7) etc. (UNAIDS, n.d., n.p.).The book entitled, AIDS Epidemic Update by the Joint get together Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS will provide statistical information, as well as, reasons for its occurrence (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 1998, n.p.).The featured article which state that, African AIDS the facts that rupture the myths will help either eliminate or add to the reasons why the epidemic is turning worse (Cook, 2009, p. 7). The author, Cook, will also validate former research studies on whether it is an essential element in struggle the AIDS epidemic or not (Cook, 2009, p. 7).Brookmeyers Peer-Reviewed material tells about what will most in all likelihood occur i n the future and what is currently taking place with regards to the AIDS epidemic (Brookmeyer, 1991, pp. 37 42).Rosenbergs Peer-Reviewed article will tell about the scope of the aforementioned epidemic in the United States (Rosenberg, 1995, pp. 1372 1375).Rosenberg et. al.s Peer-reviewed material will cover the current occurrence in terms of young adults in the agricultural suffering from HIV (Rosenberg et. al., 1998, pp. 1894 1899).Faucis special article discusses the following the origins of HIV, scope of the epidemic, prevention of HIV, development of vaccine, etcetera (Fauci, 1999, pp. 1046 1050).The article on the Health Transition Review by Ntozi answers the question on why the levels of widowhood go increased in countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are afflicted by the AIDS epidemic (Ntozi, 1997, pp. cxxv 144).Hosegood et. al.s research discusses the levels and causes of adult mortality in rural South Africa as well as the impact of AIDS (Hosegood et. al., 2004, pp. 66 3 671).Last but not least, Rambaut et. al.s study will help establish what causes HIV and how it evolved (Rambaut, 2004, pp. 52 61).ReferencesBrookmeyer, R. (1991). Reconstruction and Future Trends of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. American Association for the furtherance of Science, 253(5015), 37 42.Cook, M. (2009). African AIDS The Facts that Demolish the Myths. Retrieved March 28, 2009 from

Nine Dragons Paper Essay

How does Mrs Cheung think? What does she believe in when it comes to building her business?It is enkindle to read how NPD gained its success through the waste or trash of the United States and Europe. I think this is right field in line with how Mrs Cheung thinks she wants to be ahead of all her competitors and gain every competitive advantage possible. By utilizing the paper waste of higher quality products in the US and Europe, she was able to bring this quality behind to China where it was non-existent. As you can see in the reading as well, Mrs Cheung believes in rapid working out to maximize revenue opportunity and that long term profits will come from taking on a lot of debt. But even as she verbalise when speaking about the economic crisis now the waves are so big, even some rocks are being washed away. The economic crisis of 2008 did not moreover affect the small companies, but also the large and profitable ones like Nine Paper Dragons.How would you restate the compan ys financial status? How does it reflect the business development goals and strategies employed by Mrs Cheung?I would summarize the companys financial status as struggling at the point this condition was written. The companys unsecured notes were rated as BBB- in April, 2008 and downgraded even lower to BB+ in October of 2008. On flower of that, even though the company had a successful IPO in March of 2006, the debt accumulated afterwards this IPO really hurt the company when the financial crisis hit in 2008. This demonstrates Mrs Cheungs vision to counter chances and be the market trend setter for her industry. It appeared though that she spread herself too thin through blowup and also through the large amount of debt she accumulated.Is NDP in trouble? How would you answer differ if you were an existing shareholder, electric potential investor, or analyst?Yes NDP is in trouble, In September 2007 NDP was at the peak of record share expenditure HK$26.But in 2008 the share pric e of NDP started falling down and the company also announced they would delay of Rmb1.5 one million million million for the next 2009 fiscal year and they predicted the paperboard market would rebound but nothing great break gibe to the market and they also said they would prepay $100 million of an existing $350 million. But according to the rating agencies the company market health is weak and being an existing shareholder, investor, or an analyst I would go with the rating agencies because they are expert in the share market and on the other progress the company itself issued profit warning, sales, profit forecast downward.And since company has an $350 million loan out which company said they would prepay $100 million to the bank and still on the balance amount the interest would grip on increasing and it means the debt of the company is increasing and even many banks cast stopped answering there calls. As said by morgan Stanley the company earnings growth is ground on expa nsion plans if they dont expand it will effect the company target and growth.

Big Corporations, Big Lawsuits Essay

unveilingThe lawsuit everyplace the defective design of Firestone tires put on crossover venturers was perhaps the most announce event when a company was sued for defective produce. This defect also resulted in a large number of accidents causing over 200 deaths and 700 injuries in the US alone, in addition to accidents in Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, the Arab Gulf Coast, and eastern United States Asia. The massive tire visit by Ford and Firestone on August 9, 2000, sent ripples through the American public and added fuel to the legal fire, causing both manufacturers and the public to rethink many issues.Summary of the causeOn August 9, 2000, Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone jointly announced a recall in the United States of approximately 6.5 zillion ATX, ATXII and Wilderness AT tires made in Decatur, Illinois because of tread separation problems (Eto, 2006). This recall came after the increased incidence of driver deaths in accidents in which Ford Exlorers rolle d over triggered general public concern. At the m, the company was already faced with multimillion lawsuits. For instance, the lawyers for Edelio and Norma Herrera who died in May 2000 overturning in their Ford venturer on the way from Disneyland demanded $1 billion from Firestone (BBC).The lawsuits filed, for instance, by the law firm Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, were based on the engage that Firestone and Ford were guilty because it had failed to address the concerns in the testing process. Thus, on June 15, 1989, the auto makers engineers prompt a report to the company management in which they recommended eight design changes to address the rollover problem and advance the safety of the Explorer (Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, 2006). However, the management refused to make the major improvements recommended by engineers, willing to complete the design by the previously announced deadline.Impact on the Corporate WorldThe lawsuit triggered a nation-wide d iscussion astir(predicate) the liability of auto manufacturers, business ethics, the need to produce quality products, and the regulation of the industry. The fact that Fords management had accelerated production at the expense of safety concerns only to face billions of dollars in lawsuits and a major blow to their reputation later on was a lesson to many managers.The way Firestone and Ford were heaping unsaved on each other was also an important lesson of how companies should not handle a scandal. To demonstrate consignment to improvement, Ford, for instance, ended its relationship with the tyre-maker (BBC, 2001). The scandal affected one of the largest US auto manufacturers, causing the resignation of its principal(prenominal) Executive Officers, Jacques Nasser.Impact on RegulationsThe lawsuits have also alerted the American public and regulators at the National highroad Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that new, tougher laws on safety standards have to be adopted. In 2 000, US sexual relation adopted new legislature that aimed to raise safety standards. However, it was clear that such laws should have been adopted dogged ago when the danger of rollover crashes in SUVs became apparent. The law required tire makers to submit to the regulators far more teaching ab surface their produce than before.Impact on the CompaniesThe lawsuits that have been partially successful and partially settled out of court cost both companies, especially Firestone a lot. Thus, the tyre manufacturer found itself spending over $1.6 billion in 2001 due to the recall and litigation costs (Online Lawyer Source, 2004). The company spent $149 million to settle 30 class-action suits all over the US. In 2001, Ford warned its shareholders that it could face up to $10bn in lawsuits arising from the Ford Explorer deaths (BBC, 2001). The result was disastrous publicity for both companies. Firestone in particular took a long time to recover. As of 2004, it was spending several time s more on recovering publicity than in the twelvemonth before (Online Lawyer Source, 2004).ConclusionThus, the scandal resulted in massive financial losses for the two companies complex and blows to their corporate images. It also made the public pay closer attention to manufacturers ethical decision-making. On the giving medication level, safety standards had been strengthened resulting in increased requirements for manufacturers.ReferencesEto, G.C. (2006). Firestone Tire Recall. Retrieved April, 1, 2006, from http//www.garyeto.com/firestone-tire-recall.shtmlBBC. (2001, June 17). Firestone faces $1bn lawsuit. Retrieved April, 1, 2006, from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1393055.stmLieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP. (2006). Ford Explorer Rollover Danger 2006 Update. Retrieved April, 1, 2006, from http//www.vehicle-injuries.com/ford-explorer-lawsuits.htmOnline Lawyer Source. (2004). Firestone Recall Information. Retrieved April, 1, 2006, from http//www.onlinelawyersource .com/firestone/information.html