Helping Young People Learn

Taking part in youth club activities has provided me a rich experience, which includes finding a way to help and teach the young. Whenever we visit a community, we make it a point to dress up casually so we can relate easily with people, and give them the idea that we have a lot in common. This allows them to feel comfortable to share their ideas and feelings with us, making us understand their situation more vividly. Most of the communities we visit are composed of poor families, so they normally expect us to give them food, clothing, and toys for the kids.Aside from the material things, part of our program also provides tutorial sessions for children to help in their studies, and give them an idea of how they can contribute to the family's financial resources. Particularly, I was assigned to tutor a group of young people about the age of thirteen. The teenagers were not classmates in school, but they belonged to only one level, thus their lessons were the same. Our regular session consisted of discussing topics in Science and Social Studies, and answering Math problems. 1.As we progressed with our tutorial sessions, we became close, and eventually, they shared with me their experiences in school and at home. I learned that one of them was suffering in class because of the family’s financial constraints. There were times when her parents did not have enough money to finance her projects in school, or provide her everyday meal allowance. Given this situation, I helped the child find other ways to do her projects. For example, when they were asked to make a calendar in their Art subject, I taught her how to use recyclable materials such as colored paper cups, old magazines, and empty snack foils.In the next project that she did, I noted that she used this kind of materials and accomplished the project on her own using other recycled resources. Based on this, I felt that the girl learned something from me regarding cost cutting when accomplishing school pr ojects. Teaching someone to be resourceful is important to enhance creativity as well. According to Vaune Ainsworth-Land (1982), there are four categories of a process and its product. The first category operates out of necessity. In my experience, we see that we were able to come up with a good output out of the need to make a project at a low cost.In Maslow’s, this category is a primary one, as it centralizes on the idea of materialistic need. The second category involves the analytic process. Referring back to our experience, the child found out that she could do a lot of things even without spending, and she would receive a better grade by recycling materials. In behaviorist theories, this explains the operant response in which the individual is rewarded for a good behavior. The third category involves synthesizing and innovation.As mentioned above, the child learned to accomplish projects using the same kind of material, thus she was able to apply her knowledge in other things. This behavior represents Koestler's bisociation, because the child was able to apply the learned concept to different aspects. The fourth category is â€Å"the ultimate form of relatedness,† (Ainsworth-Land, 1982) in which the person is seen to attain a â€Å"transformed consciousness. † Applying this to the situation, the child that we referred to would later attain this, when she continues to apply her knowledge into practical terms.Another student that I tutored had difficulty in solving word problems in Math. Based on his behavior, I recognized that his problem aroused from not having enough patience to comprehend items in problem solving. Apparently, reading problems confused and bored him the moment they appeared. To address this problem, I challenged him to imagine what was being described in one of their math problems, and illustrate what he understood in it. It showed that the boy understood the problem completely after illustrating it, and he was able to solve the problem after that.The theory of Situated Learning (1988) by J. Lave explains that a child can learn easily when the context and activity are based on his own experience. To help the child in problem solving, what I did was to situate him in the activity, and made him a part of the situation by asking him to illustrate based on his background of the problem. Particularly, I let him draw the situation and did not dictate what was conveyed. The activity made the child express himself better, which also led to motivate him to come up with the correct answer.Other theorists such as Brown, Collins & Duguid (1989) emphasized active perception over concepts and representation. Thus, by illustrating, the child gained an active perception of what was presented in the problem. The other boy that I handled had problems with his classmates who bullied him. Due to what his classmates did to him, he felt reluctant to go to school, and pretended to be sick at times. During our sessio n, I asked him first what the other boys told him, and why they called him with nasty words. The boy said that the other boys called him names and wrote on his notebook.I felt the boy’s pain as he told me about the hostilities of his classmates, so right away, I informed his mother of the situation, and advised her to consult with the classroom adviser or the guidance counselor in the school. I believe that this should be handled by authorities in the school as other students were involved. Through reporting to the teacher and school counselor, the boys were reprimanded of their teasing, and my friend felt better. Later on, he felt more comfortable going to school because the other boys already stopped teasing him.A lot of teenagers undergo this stage when their peers bullied them for nothing. In these cases, the victim tries to keep the situation to himself because he is afraid to create a scenario in class, or is threatened by his peers. According to Maslow’s theory of Motivation and Personality (1954), a person is driven by both internal and external factors. In addition, one’s motivation is dominated by his specific needs. In the boy’s situation, we can identify his need for belongingness as the factor that made him dissatisfied with school.Because this need was not realized, the boy felt reluctant to go to school, thus the motivation to go to school was associated with his need for friends and companionship. When the need was addressed, the barrier to learning also collapsed. 2. Aside from tutoring students in their academic subjects, I also told them stories to teach values like friendship, honesty, and service to others. In one session, I told them a fable, in which a rabbit sacrificed for another animal. Having told the story, I challenged them to do something similar to what the main character did, and tell their stories next time.Amazingly, one of the children took my challenge seriously, and did what I told them. He narra ted to us how he helped a man he saw on the street by sharing him some food, and giving him medicine to heal the man’s wound. In telling this story, the boy expressed how it felt good to do such kindness, and how the man thanked him with a smile. He professed that he will do this again once he sees another person needing his help. Just like the character in the story, he said that the kindness he showed the man will go a long way because by helping, he brought hope to the man, and made him feel loved.The boy added that if other people would do the same, no man will by lying cold on the streets. The words the boy uttered reflected his own realization based on experience. Those words also reminded me of the Good Samaritan, who helped an ill man lying in the cold. The experience of the boy reminded all of us, especially me, of our responsibility to others, especially the needy. With such good Samaritans like the boy, we can see hope in the next generation. 3. The success of a te am depends on the performance of each member’s role.Applying Meredith Belbin’s (1981) Nine Roles in Team Management, I served as the â€Å"specialist† in the tutorial session for teenagers, teaching them how to use the Internet as a useful tool for research. Due to the limited number of computers, and my own hope of making them learn how to teach others, I initially taught only four students to access the Internet. In turn, these students taught their peers and served as the â€Å"company workers† who provided the work of teaching others in their community.In one week’s time, we were able to teach a total of forty-five children how to use the Internet in their assignment and advanced readings. As discussed by Tuckman (1965) in his Stages of Group Development, we exhausted the means to reach our common goal of attaining learning for the group. In addition, we also assessed individual performance by asking them to make a simple research on their topi c of interest. During the Performing stage, the â€Å"company workers† or those tasked to teach their peers experienced some problems in that their peers wanted to spend time visiting gaming sites.This somewhat forfeited the purpose of teaching them the use of the Internet for research purposes, but with close monitoring, the behavior was corrected right away. After the Performing stage, the core group was asked to evaluate what they accomplished in terms of their own roles during the training. Notably, the students felt very proud of being able to teach their peers, and looking at the outputs, they cherished memories of taking part in other’s learning. References Berguist, Carlisle. (n. d. ) A comparative view of creativity theories: Psychoanalytic, behavioristic, and humanistic.Retrieved January 2, 2008, from http://vantagequest. org/trees/comparative. htm Famous models: Stages of group development. (2001). Retrieved January 2, 2008, from http://www. chimaeraconsulti ng. com/tuckman. htm Gawel, Joseph E. (1997). Herzberg's theory of motivation and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation, [ED421486]. Retrieved January 2, 2008, from http://chiron. valdosta. edu/whuitt/files/herzberg. html Manktelow, James. (2003). Belbin’s team roles. Retrieved January 2, 2008, from http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_83. htm

Psychoanalysis History Essay

The theory of psychoanalysis has developed for over a generation since its inception during the 20th century. The theory is accredited to Sigmund Freud who is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis. He laid a strong base on which psychoanalysts of the future would lay foundation and expound on the field as suggested by Sigmund. Donald Winnicott was a British pediatrician who studied babies and provided analytical theories describing the results of appropriate and inappropriate care giving. Edith Jacobson had a traumatizing experience when she was placed in the Nazi concentration camp at the height of Second World War. Her experiences and that of her patients led her into modifying the instinctual drive theory that had been developed by Freud. Harry Stack Sullivan made comprehensive studies of the schizophrenics in the 1920s and concluded that psychopathology could be traced back to an individual’s interpersonal field of experiences. On another front, a contemporary psychoanalyst by the name Robert Stolorow holds the belief that both the experiences of the patient and the analyst should form the point of focus in the analysis. This paper shall look at how the field of psychoanalysis has been shaping over the years ever since it was introduced as a branch of psychology by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis as a psychological discipline has undergone numerous changes ever since Sigmund Freud made the classical explanation to the branch of psychology. Psychoanalysis has been able to develop from what was considered as a personal psychology to incorporate two people and then developed into the new multi-person experiential psychology. In the first instance, Freud ascribed psychological development to internal forces and drives within the body. Winnicott, Jacobson, and Sullivan laid emphasis on the dual-person relations between individuals as important aspects in their analysis of patients. Stolorow has made major contributions in the development of modern day psychoanalysis through his focus on the analytical inquiry on experimental dynamics of the patient while adopting a multi-personal approach. What is of importance in all these approaches is that the analytical innovators have always referred to the theoretical framework developed by Sigmund Freud (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sigmund Freud was born in the year 1856 and is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed his theoretical framework on personality based on his clinical observations which enabled him to formulate three personality theories. He developed the topographic model; the genetic model; and the structural model with each of the models aspiring to explain the complications found in explaining human personality and the causes of usual and unusual psychosomatic functioning. The topographical model generally provided the map of the human mind. According to Freud, the mind was composed of three spheres including the unconscious, preconscious, and the conscious. The unconscious part was described as that part of the brain which was composed of the feelings and ideas inaccessible to the experiential awareness. Only those ideas and feelings that were accessible to experiential awareness formed the preconscious realm of the mind. The conscious was described as the part of the mind in which immediate experiential awareness of the mind would be stored. According to Mitchell and Black, (1995) â€Å"As his clinical experience grew, Freud realized that what was most crucial to a permanent removal of symptoms was for the objectionable, unconscious material to become generally accessible to normal consciousness† (p. 5). It must be noted that Sigmund Freud noted in his clinical observations that patients would exhibit what he called as defense which was responsible for keeping the unconscious feelings and ideas out of awareness (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The genetic model referred to developmental stage theory which categorized the human instincts. According to Freud, the biological instincts were vital in the psychological functioning of his patients. Sexual instincts in particular often referred to as drives were regarded as internal instincts demanding an external discharge. Such drives were found to concentrate in particular areas of the body as they waited to be discharged. The particular areas of the body better known as the erogenous zones were pre-eminent in accordance with the development stage of the child. The activity that involved the respective erogenous zone became the primary focus of an individual’s emotional life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). In the structural model of personality, Sigmund Freud gave a detailed psychic map of the human mind. Freud believed that the mind was divided into three distinct parts known as the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is the source of all human instincts and comprises of primeval desires and spontaneous energies that seek instant gratification. The ego regulates and controls the id desires whereas the super-ego is composed of the moral values and self critical attitudes imparted by the society through socialization. Freud was of the view that humans were constantly struggling to strike a balance between the primitive impulses and the societal values (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sigmund Freud held the belief that a patient needed to be taken for an analysis so as to unlock unconscious dynamics that were responsible for the psychopathological incidences in the patients. Freud gave a classical approach to psychoanalysis. The fundamental method in classical psychoanalysis is to be found in the conveyance and conflict analysis of free association. The patient is to be composed before being told to speak whatever that comes to his/her mind. Imaginations, hopes, desires, and fantasies are regarded as reflecting on earlier family life of the patient. The analyst has to simply listen to the patient only to make comments to give insight to the patient when need arises. While listening, the analyst is able to develop some empathic neutrality with the patient which is critical in the creation of a safe environment. According to Freud, the free association technique was responsible for bringing out vital information in the past life of the patient. The analyst was regarded as an important figure in the previous life of the patient and during the interaction between the analyst and the patient; transference neurosis developed which referred to the patient’s attitudes and fantasies in regard to the analyst which are pivotal to the expression of critical themes and conflicts in the patient’s past. Sigmund was of the view that resolving these conflicts was crucial to the alleviation of the psychopathic symptoms (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Object Relations by Winnicott: The development of objection relations by Donald Woods Winnicott led to a unique two-person psychology as an independent school of psychoanalysis. Winnicott sought to challenge the Freudian concept which emphasized on the psychology of an individual. Winnicott laid emphasis on the relational dynamics of children and their respective mothers as major contribution to the development of the self. According to Winnicott, the level of emotional support the child got from the mother was influential in the child’s development of the self. Children went through crucial stages of experience that was to be determined by expressive sensitivity of their mothers. During early stages in life, the child usually experience subjective omnipotence in which case the child gets whatever he/she wants. The child is then made to experience some moment of illusion that any of his/her wishes are accomplished by the mother. With time however, the mother withdraws from responsiveness to the child but in the context of the holding environment. The environment allows for space where the child’s needs are met from the environment without the child having to realize. The mother at this time becomes less involved in the meeting of the child’s needs. The child discovers that his desires are not responsible for the creation of satisfaction but rather the mother’s response to his/her needs was the aspect that brought about the satisfaction. Over time, the child realizes about his/her illusions and he is able to leave them and realizes that he/she was only dependant on the mother (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The child acknowledges that the desires are usually met by various individuals and that these individuals have their own private desires. The child developed an objective reality together with the subjective omnipotence. Winnicott described the objective reality as the awareness that the child was separate from the desired objects. Between the subjective omnipotence and objective reality lies the transitional object which according to Winnicott resembles neither of the two scenarios. The child looks for an object to get comfort when the responsiveness of the mother to the child’s needs diminishes. Winnicott used the concept of object usage to elaborate on the experiences that the child goes through in which case aggressive tendencies become prominent during the transitional object phase. The mother’s response during the stage of object usage plays an instrumental role in the emotional development of the child. In case the child would get negative response from the mother in regard to usage of objects, then the child would be afraid of making maximum use of the objects and would develop neurotic inhibitions in adult life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Winnicott identified the responsiveness of the mother as crucial in the development of the self. He was of the view that the focus of psychoanalysis should be on the development of the self. The analyst in this case resembles the mother and the patient is the individual who missed on the responsiveness of ‘a good-enough’ mother. The analyst in this case assumes the roles of the responsive mother who the patient missed during early life development. The analyst therefore seeks to identify the particular desires of the patient. The relational understanding of the patient’s self was the most important aspect during the therapeutic treatment (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Ego Psychology by Edith Jacobson: Edith Jacobson (1897-1978) was an American psychoanalyst who was dedicated to revising the Sigmund Freud’s structural model of personality through the development of her own theoretical framework. She developed the instinctual drive theory to incorporate an interaction between the actual experiences and the drive development. According to Jacobson, biological drives were influenced by the previous experiences of caregivers. She speculated that when the child’s early experiences were satisfying and healthy, then libidinal drives would be cultivated. On the contrary, when the child was frustrated during his/her earlier experiences, then the child would develop an aggressive drive which destroys the developmental process in the normal way. The childhood experiences were found to impact on the development of the self. It was established that normal self development occurred when the child is brought up by a mother who addressed the emotional needs of the child whereas a frustrated self develops when the mother was perceived as frustrating by the child. Jacobson reinvented the Freud concept regarding the super-ego which according to Freud developed due to the castration anxiety that in the oedipal stage of development. Jacobson was of the view that the super-ego developed in the child as a result of experience with other individuals. Earlier childhood experiences with the mother affected the child’s socialization to refrain from certain behaviors leading to the development of the super-ego. Jacobson’s clinical approach required the patient to reconstruct the developmental history of the patient. The inquiry of the patient’s past is considered in a conveyance manner between the patient and the analyst to establish a therapeutic correlation. It was believed that when patients unlocked their past developmental record through the conveyance was vital in the therapeutic process (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Interpersonal Psychoanalysis by Harry Stack Sullivan: Harry Sack Sullivan (1892-1949) has been credited for advancing the interpersonal psychoanalysis. He believed that psychoanalysis was to focus on the previous interactions of the patient in an effort to unravel the psychopathological conditions that were manifested in patients. He held that an individual’s personality was influenced by the lifelong interactions which commenced with the caregivers at infancy. Sullivan got interested specifically in the experiences of anxiety earlier on in life and he observed that in early life experiences, the child’s needs are met through integration tendencies which encompasses the need for satisfaction offered on a mutual basis. Sullivan believed that anxiety feeling was external and that some aspects of the anxiety in caregivers and key figures in the child’s earlier life were able to be transmitted to the child. Thus the child would easily be affected by the anxiety in those individuals who are important in his/her early life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The child at this stage would perceive the primary caregivers as anxious or non anxious whereby the child generalized them as either good or bad mother. The child soon realizes that he/she can predict whether a good or bad mother was approaching based on the facial expressions, postural tensions, and vocal intonation. As time goes by, the child then realizes that his/her own behavior was the one determining the ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’ of the mother and therefore starts to form the sense of self. According to Sullivan, the anxious state in the caregivers that was caused by the behavior of the child makes the child believe that he/she is the bad one. On the other hand, those behaviors and actions from the child which produced admiration and appreciation from the caregiver made the child develop a sense of ‘good me’ (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sullivan’s clinical approach emphasized on the individual’s sense of the self based on the interaction they had with the others. Thus his techniques involved seeking to increase awareness of how the self operated through probing questions and encouragement of the self-reflection. This was to enable observation, understanding and alteration of important and rapid sequences. It must be noted that Sullivan’s approach emphasized on the insight ad understanding as important aspects for change in the interpersonal psychoanalysis (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Inter-subjectivity-Modern Psychoanalysis: This is the most recent theoretical framework in the field of psychoanalysis. This model is better described as; The notion that the analyst and [the patient] can mutually shape the conscious and unconscious experience of the other. According to this view, the analyst can never be detached and purely objective observer; instead, he or she is constantly involved in a conscious and unconscious interplay of ideas as well as affective and symbolic communications† (Diamond & Marrone, 2003, p. 14). Dr. Robert Stolorow has been identified as the leading proponent of this approach and he integrates various concepts of object relations theoretical framework, ego psychology and interpersonal psychoanalysis. Stolorow however advances from the theoretical framework developed by others and argues that the whole experiential world of the patient should be analyzed in perspective as opposed to mere relations between the patient and another significant individual in the patient’s life (Stolorow, Atwood, and Orange, 2002). He developed a clinical approach in which he identified three areas of focus in an inquiry which include emotional convictions, self reflexivity and reality. The analyst examines the embodiment of emotional convictions emanating from the patient’s historical experiences in the world. Stolorow considered these convictions to be unconscious and thus they were to be made conscious for an informed reflection and explanation. Through reflection and interpretation, the patient would be able to realize their sense of self as time goes by. The analyst was required to be capable of indulging in self-reflexivity meaning that he was required to be aware of his perspective and prejudices in the clinical environment. Lastly, the inter-subjective inquiry required an aspect of reality whereby it is important for the analyst to consider the reality of the patient and to guard against overshadowing the patient’s reality with theirs. When the reality of the patient was considered, then the analyst was in a position to get the comprehensive picture of inter-subjectivity from the patient’s point of views thus facilitating a healthy diagnostic dialogue (Stolorow, Atwood, and Orange, 2002). Conclusion: It is evident that there have been tremendous innovations in the psychoanalytic theoretical framework during the past century. Sigmund Freud is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis and he is credited for providing the theoretical and clinical base for the other psychoanalytic scholars who were to further the psychoanalysis branch of psychology. Each of the psychoanalytic scholars that were interested in Freud’s thinking and aspired to advance it in their own way has founded their clinical approaches on their experiences. These scholars have included Winnicott, Jacobson, Sullivan and Stolorow. Psychoanalysis has gone through an evolution process starting as a one-person psychology, to a two-individual psychology and now is considered as a multi-people psychology. The future of psychoanalysis is set to broaden even further to incorporate the psychological, social and cultural dynamics of the individual during analysis. This is because lately, there has been an emphasis on evidence-based therapy thus enhancing the significance of considering varied sources of investigated evidence. Reference: Diamond, N. & Marrone, M. (2003). Attachment and inter-subjectivity. London, GB: Whurr Publishers. McWilliams, N. (2004). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press Mitchell, S. A. & Black, M. J. (1995). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. New York, NY: Basic Books. Stolorow, R. D. , Atwood G. E. , & Orange, D. M. (2002). Worlds of experience: Interweaving philosophical and clinical dimensions in psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Basic Books

Price ceilling Essay

There are different ways the government in a developing country wants to protect consumers from conditions that could make necessary merchandises out-of-the-way. One of the things is price ceiling, which a government-forced limit on the price charged for a product. Price ceiling is a situation when the price charged is more than or less than the equilibrium price determined by market forces of demand and supply. Though, a price ceiling can cause problems if forced for a long period without controlled limits. Misuse occurs when a government accidentally priced a price as too high when the real problem is that the supply is too low. Price ceilings can produce negative results when the correct solution would have been to increase supply. It can introduce a black market, it can creates a persistent shortage, decreases in investment, or price on the black market ends up higher than the equilibrium price. For example, if the government set a price ceiling on bread in order to make this basic food more affordable. And other side assuming that each hour that people wait in lines represents a lost hour of work. Under many circumstances the ceiling lead to long lines and thus high costs in lost work hours. A price ceiling that is below market equilibrium will be a binding price ceiling and that could cause a shortage due to increasing demand because of the lower price of the product. And it could create a black market where people can buy it for double the price for the bread. On the other hand, if there is an hour that an individual must wait in line, there is a lost hour of work for the supplier. Due to the supplier losing an hour of work it will cut into the profits of that firm making their total revenue. The supplier will already loose the benefit of selling to a certain buyer within that hour period. However if the firm hired more workers to create a shorter wait in the line they ma y be able to make the most out of it. So if the supplier reduces the time lost in work they can reach the point of profit maximization.

Model employed by Massive Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Model employed by Massive Inc - Essay Example It will also help publishers offset the skyrocketing costs of video game development, which can in turn benefit gamers, keeping game prices affordable and opening the door to free game play, free content, tournaments and other possibilities that add realism and entertainment value to the overall game experience. The gamming industry in Australia stretches decades of years back. Over time and again games industry has earned a reputation for quality in a vast wide world market hungry for the new content. The government on the other hand has been very supportive by realising that digital games create growth and generate jobs for many people including developers, hardware manufacturers, publishers and retailers, it has resorted to developing a large and thriving 'high-tech' sector by funding strategies through providing Sony PlayStation 2 and Xbox Development Kits to local companies that would usually not be able to afford them and grab a bigger share of the market. This has been promulgated funding local game content through Film Victoria's Digital Media Fund. In a nut shell the Australian games industry is made up of over 40 companies employing more developers. 2The amalgamation encompassing local branches of large international publishers, established larger local companies, plus smaller and newer companies that only have a few employees is also a monumental key driver in the Australian game industry since three quarters of these companies are in the business of developing games. A growing number of tertiary institutions that offer Diploma and Degree courses in games development are meant to create a bridge in the technical expertise in the gaming industry by focussing and teaching strictly on the design aspects of games while others take an IT and programming-based approach. Potential Vulnerability. The worst anathema facing games industry, according to trade body the Interactive Entertainment Alliance of Australia (IEAA), is piracy. Which represents 15 of the top game platform holders and publishers, including Electronic Arts, Vivendi, Sony Computer entertainment, Nintendo and recent joinee Nokia Research commissioned by the IEAA in 2002, estimated the cost of piracy at $100million a colossal figure that was growing with the economy. The widespread availability and low cost of CD burners had clearly facilitated the growth of these sources of pirated product, the IEAA claims. The impact of computer markets on the games retail channel varied across Australia, according to retailers contacted by. One publisher that confirmed it would ship unclassified games to Australia is running with Scissors, a small US game publisher whose game Postal was banned in Australia in 1997. Any local publishers did not pick up the sequel, Postal 2, and thus it was not submitted for a rating through t he OFLC. Popular web auction site eBay is another avenue in which buyers can obtain banned games, either domestically or from overseas. And the infiltration of illegal games. Hot spots for the sale of pirated games and mod chipping in Sydney include Liverpool, Campbell town and Flemington, says distributor Tech Pacific's games category manager Nathan Dingle. Description & analysis of the online market in

Is biomedical model out of date Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is biomedical model out of date - Essay Example It is based on 'the notion of the body as a machine, of disease as the consequence of breakdown of the machine, and of the doctor's task as repair of the machine.' (George Engel 1977). This approach has a serious shortcoming because by focusing on smaller parts of the body we lose the sight of patient as a human being. Also by considering health as proper functioning of organs, we are unable to deal with the phenomenon of healing as it is not only based on physical factors but on psychological factors of the human body. The concept of health and the concept of life are closely related. Around the globe, people follow different cultures and lifestyles. They are adapted to the different environment and slight change in the environment may lead to change in their health. Patterns of mortality and morbidity have changed shifting from a predominance of acute infectious diseases to a predominance of chronic and lifestyle-induced illness (US. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1979 ). So here the ecological dimension is also considered while considering the concept of health. This contradicts the biomedical model.In the biomedical model, health is defined as the absence of disease. The World Health Organization defines health as ‘a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. This clearly shows that the biomedical model fails to address the social and psychological issues and thus can be considered to be outdated.

SAS Enterprise Miner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SAS Enterprise Miner - Essay Example Company has a long list of donors and is involved in the process of sending out mailers to all its donors who have contributed to the Company at one time or another. However, in the interest of making its mailings more fruitful in terms of the returns they are likely to generate, the Company proposes to prune its list down in order to derive a data subset that will take into consideration only those donors in whose case the probability of a donation is higher. Since the list of donors presently is about 5000, the Company is interested in conducting a statistical data analysis and data mining in order to prune down this number. This report will therefore conduct three different forms of statistical data mining to arrive at the information that is sought: (a) decision tree (b) linear regression (c) neural network. The report generated on a preliminary data analysis on the basis of a paired samples test may be viewed in Appendix A. This analysis uses the variables of the average of all gifts received in the last thirty six months and the number of life time gifts to date reveals a is a positive correlation between the two variables that have been selected in this case – the average gifts received in the past three years and the gifts received during the lifetime of the donors. This would appear to indicate that the most likely donors could be among those who have been making gifts in the past three years, since this is related to a lifetime pattern of giving. This can be correlated with the socio economic variables in order to provide a more comprehensive broad based report of other positive correlations. In order to analyze this data, the estimated ratio of responses to promotions is a good independent variable, against which the correlation of dependant socio economic variables may be considered. A Pearson correlation matrix helps to establish the correlation between these various socio economic groups and their average gift giving, and this is set out in

The United Nations And Human Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The United Nations And Human Right - Essay Example Upholding those rights are considered as having peace, justice, and freedom in the world. The laws and fundamental principles for upholding these rights are in place and so does the overall mechanism and infrastructure to actually enforce these rights. Over the period of time, UN has been able to reduce the number of human rights violations across the whole world and that it has been able to put in place different resources which helped it to achieve this objective. However, UN also failed to properly enforce human rights across the whole world as millions of people are still being put through brutalities and gross human rights violations. Not only governments are committing crimes against the basic human rights but smaller and individual groups are also involved too in such incidents. This paper will debate whether United Nations has been able to ensure human rights for all or not by presenting arguments in favor and against the same. Human Rights and United Nations As discussed abo ve, human rights are universal in nature and are available to everyone equally. These are the rights which we enjoy as humans and violations of the same can attract penalties and other punishments for those who violate the human rights. The overall movement for the protection of human rights started to become significant after the World War-II. The overall mandate given to UN is given by the countries who acquire the membership of the UN. Membership of UN is considered as the admission of any individual country towards the international community. UN, therefore, has been implementing and enforcing human rights either through charter based or treaty-based implementations. Both these mechanisms not only provide UN a proper mechanism but structure also to implement and influence countries to implement human rights. The overall atrocities and violations of human rights become common after World War II and as a result of this, United Nations General Assembly met in Paris with the objecti ve of adapting Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1948, a universal declaration of human rights was adopted by General Assembly of United Nations and as such overshadowed all other human rights declaration which was prevailing in ancient times. Article 1 of the universal declaration suggests that all human beings are born equal and with the same level of dignity. The United Nation Article 1 on human rights states that all human beings are equal and born free in dignity and rights (Smith, 2009, p. 54). The laws were made to ensure that every person has a right to life and this right should be legally protected.

Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Article - Research Paper Example The most common environmental factors are toxins and exposure to pesticides. Toxic chemicals like MPTP, Toluene, Carbon Disulphide, and cyanide; and certain pesticides like rotenone and paraquat affect significant changes in vital neural components. Exposure to toxic chemicals and pesticides are found to cause damage and loss of â€Å"dopaminergic neurons and clinical Parkinsonism† (Chao et al.). Pesticides like paraquat and rotenone has also been observed to depreciate both dopaminergic neurons and typical Parkinsonism. Furthermore, these chemicals inspire contact with genetic expression thereby curbing genetic mutations. As a result, genetics have been particularly considered in the continuing research on Parkinson’s disease. There is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease so far; and most of the treatments available today are used to either prevent or contain the degeneration of the disease. According to Chao et al (2012), current treatments for Parkinsonâ€⠄¢s disease are categorized into two main subgroups: symptom-relieving drugs and surgical treatments. Common symptom-relieving drugs include L-dopa, dopamine agonists, bromocriptine, ropinirole, cabergoline, and pergolide among others. Examples of surgical treatments for Parkinson’s disease patients are â€Å"deep brain stimulation, implantation of embryonic dopaminergic cells, and gene therapy† (Chao et al.). These surgical treatments generally aim for tempering motor and non-motor symptoms. Recently, the use of nutraceuticals has been widely employed as an alternative to treating degenerative symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. One example of nutraceuticals – essentially refers to â€Å"food or food products† (Chao et al.) that are scientifically found to provide medical and health benefits, and which exhibit potential preventive capabilities against certain diseases – are antioxidants like Vitamins C and E. According to Anderson et al., consuming foods

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

History - Assignment Example Counterculture refers to a group whose beliefs are different from those of the common majority (Misiroglu, Gina p 24). The Free Speech Movement at the University of California: A socially fortunate group of students started identifying themselves as having different interests with regard to the requirements of practices and interests of the university’s corporate sponsors. The Beatles: New cultural forms emerged to oppose the old cultures. The Beatles rock band is an example of such cultural forms that rapidly evolved to mold and reflect the youth’s cultures emphasis on experimentation and change. The hippies: the hippie counterculture’s primary tenet was that life was all about being happy, and not about what others thought they should be. They did not consider the consequences that their actions bore. They sought to replace the dominant mainstream with a Utopian society. Countercultural ideas were embraced differently by different groups. Student movements viewed these ideas as platforms for airing their concerns. They aimed for an overhaul of the current systems that ran schools. The black power appreciated the countercultural ideas. They felt that they had been oppressed for long and wished to mitigate racism. They sought for equal opportunities in the new systems. The new left (activists, educators, et al) utilized confrontational tactics to break the older ideologies. They were concerned with antiwar, feminist, and ecological issues. The anti-Vietnam war groups opposed the Vietnam War. They used countercultural ideas to expose a deep schism within the American

The influence of diet and probiotics on the intestinal microbiome Essay

The influence of diet and probiotics on the intestinal microbiome - Essay Example These microbiota are influenced by various external factors and internal factors. Some of the external factors which are widely studied and are interesting for human health are diet and probiotics. In this essay, influenceof diet and probiotics onintentinal microbiota will be discussed. The intestinal microbiota play a major role in the various nutritional, immunological, physiological and metabolic processes of the human body. Certain dietary polysaccharides are indigestible and intestinal microbiota extract energy from these resistant starches and fibers. Such metabolic activities cause release of various vitamins like vitamin K, folic acid and B12, short chain fatty acids and various aminoacids which are not produced in the human body. The microbiota also participate in various pathogenic defence mechanisms like resistance of colonisation and production of various compounds with antimicrobial properties. The microbiota are also involved in the maturation, development and maintenance of various sensory and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract, the barrier system of the intestine and also the immune system of the intestinal mucosa (Gerritsen et al, 2011). According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organi zation (cited in Hemarajata and Versalovic, 2013), probiotics are defined as ‘living microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits on the host.’ The most commonly used probiotics are Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus. Other probiotics in market include certain species of enterococcus, streptococcus, propionibacterium and bacillus. Yeast like Saccharomyces are also used as probiotics. The probiotic organisms interact with the intestinal microbia either directly or through enzymatic action. They interact directly with the epithelial and mucosal layer of the intestine and thereby influence the functions of the intestinal

American Home Products Corporation Essay Example for Free

American Home Products Corporation Essay American Home Product Corporation (AHP), a highly growing American company, has four business lines: prescription drugs, packaged drugs, food products, house wares and household products. Its policies include: -A tight financial control and maintained an aggressive capital structure policy. Make money for its stockholders and to maximize profits by minimizing cost. It has been able to finance internally its growth while paying a very high portion of its earning to its shareholders (60%). Currently, AHP seems to have no business risk but may face a certain risk in the long run. Based on the ratios shown on the attached sheet, AHP should not worry about business risk since its working capital is very healthy ($1472.8 million) and cash excess $233 million. The high ROA, high profit margin, low current-to-asset ratio and 49.71 collection days show that AHP can generate cash quickly, thus it can maintain current high growth rate. However, it’s decreasing annual sales growth from 14.1% in 1978 to 8.8% in 1981 (exhibit 1) shows that it faces future risk of losing market shares in all its business lines if it does not foresee competition and continues to focus on increasing stockholders’ value. AHP’s current financial performance is very good since it has high ROE (30.3), high quick ratio (42.68), low debt-to-equity ratio (0.09) and low debt-to-asset ratio (0.01). However, an analysis of different debt ratios shows that if AHP increases debt ratio, it will face a financial risk of increased debt-to-equity and debt-to-asset ratios. In other words, it will face solvency problems in long terms. AHP also face liquidity problems since the quick ratios decrease when the debt ratios increase. 2 The proposed mechanism follows a dual mechanism of leveraging:- (a) Increase the Debt Equity Ratio. (b) Buy back the shares. This also results in the following:- (i) Improves EPS as the amount gets shared by lesser number of shares. (ii)Improves Price / earnings ratio (iii) The excess capital gets utilized. (iv)Sends a +ve signal to the market and share prices likely to increase. (v) Improves Return on Equity ratio. The calculations enclosed indicate that the best option in accordance with the company stated policy would be to have Debt-Equity Ratio of 70%. Shareholders’ value increases when debt ratios increase. EPS increases from $3.18 to $3.49. The dividend payout ratio also increases from 0.597 to 0.602. Similarly, the dividend yield from 0.063 to 0.070. It means that the company can increase shareholders’ value by increasing debt ratios. However the following needs to be considered:- (i) The valued net worth of the firm which decreases may not convey the correct picture to the investor and thus negating the positive signals of buy back of shares. (ii) The firm has no strategy related to RD in new products and focuses on me-too products thus constituting a large business risk. (iii) The firm would reduce the cash to debt ratio substantially exposing itself to financial risk. The closest competitor has Debt – Equity Ratio of 30% which if taken as a benchmark gives a conservative method of deciding the proposed leveraging, however this does not maximize the shareholder value, but is in line with the strong conservatism philosophy of the firm. It also gives a better Return on Assets ratio and has a safer Debt to Cash ratio. Even though AHP has a very good current financial performance, it should change the financial policy to increase debt ratio at a certain level. To meet the goal of increasing shareholders’ value, AHP should not use its excess cash flow to repurchase its stocks because this is only a temporary solution and may generate serious financial problems in the long run. Instead, AHP should use this excess cash to invest in profitable projects to improve its current products and launch new products that meet current market demands. By doing so, AHP can minimize the business risk, prepare itself for competition and increase sales growth. On the other hands, AHP should increase debt ratio to a certain level that is suitable for its  business to increase shareholders’ value. Also it should continue to exercise tight monetary policies as earlier to pay off the debt in a disciplined manner This solution does not bring financial risk to AHP but enable it to minimize business risk. If AHP remains only concerned about how to increase shareholders’ value and ignores market threats, it might lose its business to its competitors.

Market structures Essay Example for Free

Market structures Essay This week was very informative and interesting for me, I have learned a lot from this week. This week has helped me in comparing various market structures and their characteristic, along with evaluating the effectiveness of competitive strategies within market structures. Furthermore, this week has helped me in determining profit-maximizing strategies based on market structure analysis. Some of the most interesting things learned were the examples of monopolistically, oligopoly and monopoly. Keeping the concepts of Monopoly, oligopoly and perfect competition straight has proven to be a real challenge. The amount of information presented is overwhelming at times. I had to step back and reread several sections repeatedly to ensure a clear understanding. The side-by-side comparisons of market structure was very helpful and presented in a manner that was clear and concise, promoting a better understanding of their differences. Monopolistically would be coffee shops there is a lot of different coffee shops in one area each coffee shops offers certain specialize different from the other shops. An oligopoly would be vet office with only a few in a certain locations. An example of monopoly market would be a telephone company that is assigned to a certain area. A monopoly is a company that rules a location but if priced to high from competitors can lose if monopoly. When firms consider profit-maximizing strategies it is important to look at the short-term and long-term processes of product output. When doing this, one needs examine the different types of competition. Any market types of competition will affect a company’s marginal revenue and marginal costs. A monopoly can control the market of certain goods or service, and a phone company is an example of this. Phone companies often are the only supplier, so they have no competition and set their prices as consumers will pay them. In a monopolistic comp etitive environment competitive strategies are constantly changing because of different goods and services hitting the market. Finally, an oligopoly environment an organization will bear in mind how its actions will affect its rivals. Many firm’s use the concepts to be successful. I was able to understand what a market economy is. I also was able to understand how a market works. A market works by an individual providing a service and in return that person would be compensated for that service. Also when someone wants a product in order to receive that product a payment is made in exchange for thus product. The chapter also goes on to discuss capitalism and socialism, I would define socialism as a society making the decision about what people want and need and how much of those products to produce, basically the society is making the decision. Capitalism I feel based on the definition stated in the text book, can be defined as when a small group of individuals have the main control over the controlling companys of products and service that are used on a daily basis. This allows them to set a price and the amount of the product or service that are available. The chapter also makes us aware of feudalism, which basically means you follow the footsteps of your predecessors, if your parents were farmers you will be a farmer, in essence following the traditions. The chapter also discusses Mercantilism, this in essence means that the government has the means and the rights to hire a non government controlled company in order to achieve the needs of the government. I did very well with the various market structures and their characteristics, but not so well with the other topics. A monopoly is the only player in their respective industry. An example of a monopoly is the local power company because you cant get power anywhere else, unless it is natural energy. An oligopoly is similar to a monopoly but there is more than one firm that dominates the market. An example of an oligopoly is the operating software for smart phones, which has two dominate players, Apple and Google. Monopolistic competition is where many companies sell basically the same product with minor differences. Perfect competition is when everyone sells the same thing, everyone has the same information, and it is easy to enter and exit into the market. I personally do not believe that an example of perfect competition exists; the closest industry may be agriculture. For firms to maximize their profits costs need to be kept low and revenues need to be boosted. Whichever route a company uses to maximize profits, it will affect both cost and revenue. For instance, if a company decides to advertise a new product, the advertising will affect cost and revenue. The price of the advertising will increase the costs of the product, but at the same time increase revenues because consumers are now aware of the product. The chapters on Monopoly Perfect Competition were as I had previously understood, and the conditions for each make sense. The development of evolving economic systems as discussed in Chapter 3 was like a history lesson review and the restatement of the three different types of businesses that exist (sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation) a good reminder of what has been learned in prior classes. I gained some new understandings of Monopolistic Competition I had never heard the two used together before, but is a nice blend of the two market types. I didnt struggle with any of these things. What I did struggle with was the concepts, structures, and quite frankly the math surrounding Pricing and Profit Maximization in all the markets. I found it counter intuitive to my experience in business to not produce more, so as to create demand and keep pricing high, as is suggested in a Monopoly. The profit maximizing exercise was a challenge which boiled down to MR = MC is the profit maximizing rule for the monopolist. (Colander, 2010) This differs from the profit maximizing equation for Perfect Competition which is MC = MR = P but the TR and TCC graph for evaluating the best output level is perplexing and will likely take me the better part of 20 minutes to put one together myself I did enjoy this week’s team assignment. Was enjoyable writing about the new product option and th eorizing about the potential for said product. This week’s readings covered many different kinds of market structures. Starting with the basic Perfect Competition where the businesses sell the exact same product, to a monopoly that states that there is only one business that has complete control. From Monopolistic Competition which is where the businesses sell a similar product but not an identical product to the Oligopoly which is where there a few giants that control the industry. We went through all the different market structures, and there were many examples that were given to help explain the differences between the different market structures. One of the parts of the reading that I found very interesting, was on page 369, it discussed the idea of a sticky prices† This is where the idea is that if one company lowers its prices to try and gain business. The other businesses that are in competition will lower their prices too. This will prevent anyone from getting an edge on the competition. The gas prices are a perfect example of this. In Chapter 15, the cost of Welfare Cost Triangle, is discussed. The Welfare Cost Triangle is one of the many reasons that Monopolys are frowned upon by economists. It creates an untrue reflection to the cost to the society. With a monopoly the business can charge any price that they see fit and therefore it creates and unbalanced marginal cost. Chapter 3 discussed the idea that it is not just the United States Economy that is affected across the world. Many times as we are going through our lessons, and we, as a class are discussing economics, I fail to remember that there are many more markets in the world then just the United States. The chapter discusses the history of economics and how they work in the different social environments. They were very straight forward and very self explanatory. References: Colander, D. C. (2010).Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

The economy of Bangladesh

The economy of Bangladesh ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH The country of Bangladesh is a developing economy. World average, however, is small but lower than India and Pakistan. Ranked of the world 48 largest economy country. Its grows lots of domestic foods. In the last few years, they make lots of different foods. Bangladeshis employed becoming a half or more then are in the agriculture sector, with RMG, they like to fish, vegetables, leather and leather goods, ceramics, as like importance product as world want rice . Sound financial problem they growth due. After that they try to fight with their own poorly financial to make their life.bangladesh is a country where can grow easily any kinds of food.as they have lots of river thats why they could make any kinds of food easily.mainly they product lots of kinds of food. And rice, jute, wheat.lots of kind of vegetables. There have six seasons in Bangladesh. Communication, power supply, transportation and water supply and developing. They have reserves oil and coal. Day by day its improving human resource base. There have natural gas and two sea ports Mongla and Chittagong. Economic history South Asia Bangladesh was a prosperous region until modern. Tropical climate, fertile soil, advantages .wildlife, fish developing day by day. During the Mogul Empire. From Pakistan its independence 1971 now name Bangladesh. Socialist economy fellow Bangladesh. Economic sectors Agriculture of Bangladesh Bangladeshis earn most of their living from agriculture. 63% of Bangladeshi are involved in agriculture. Jute and rice are their main primary cops. As they crops lot of kinds vegetable and fruit. Although their due number of factors they grown three times in a year. Northeast they grown tea is the one of economy sector in world market. Irrigation control better flood and use fertilizers. A serious problem of Bangladesh underemployed and concern Bangladesh agriculture. Manpower is another side of Bangladesh to grow agriculture. Labour force comes from manpower. Lots of poor farmer they do to farm because they dont have another option to maintain their life. Management of Agriculture An agricultural country Bangladesh is predominantly. growth of the economy Agriculture being the engine. alleviation of poverty develop agriculture sector. improvement Since provision of food security for the life standard and generation.the overall effort by the government development of agriculture. the growing population To fulfill the food sustain dependable food security. appropriate technology modern agricultural system based improved. door steps of the farmers agricultural inputs including fertliser.procedures of agricultural credit simplification of the disbursement agricultural extension policy. system for quality modernisation of research creating opportunities investment in agriculture. the integrated technologies improvement of agro-products. Sectoral Growth In recent years has been a remarkable Rapid growth in food grain production of the countrys economic. unusually large summer and winter crops aman and boro crops. foodgrain production Bangladesh reached self-sufficiency. net purchasers of rice of rural households in the country. the development nongovernment organizations have the private sector of minidairies and poultry farms. foodgrain output was boosted Apart from favorable weather conditions.Agricultural inputs supply of key diesel, fuel ,seeds ,fertilizer.improved delivery of agriculture Good procurement support coming from Government. Manufacturing Industry Mostly of Bangladeshi women they are involved in garment industry. 19% Bangladeshi people are involved in industry. World market Bangladeshi garment is another popular. Making lots of foreign economy from garment is known another name.1.5 million people working in garment most of them are women. As a poor people they are involved in garment work. Leather product and footwear coming on in garment sector. Muslin and silk fabric the British as known famous. Dyes, yarn and clothes are as known famous in world market. Muslin and silk as known world market famous. Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation (BSEC): Communication and infrastructural playing a vital role in the development the country. remark products are also improvement in country.products are Electric items, Razor blade, Ship repair, tube light, SEC wire, Transformer. Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI): 1985 through an Ordinance titled Testing Institution and Bangladesh Standard. BSTI include, among others The main function. national standards of industrial is entrusted with the responsibility chemical products and food. the technical committees is responsible for the quality of the products are ensured specific national standards. measures in the country introduction and implementation metric system of weight is also responsible. Textile sector In Bangladesh there is lots of big big textile group. Textile is another economy source of Bangladesh. Importance role of Bangladesh in textile. Nearly 4milion people working in textile .most of them are women. Export earning 78% comes from textile. There have lot of export produce earner.trousers, skirts, shorts, jackets, sweaters and sportswear fashions.. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Millennium Development Goals is committed The Government of Bangladesh. the government has been implementing this commitment National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction. increased attention to human resource no denying the fact that reaching the target hardcore poverty calls development. Developments in Post-primary Education Sector human resources development the principal element of Bangladesh to receive education the basic right of every citizen. human resources pool trained of immense importance for the country. science and technology poverty through building oriented education system. socioeconomic development national poverty of the main strategies Considering investment in education. quality of education Improve development of post-primary education. implementing appropriate programmme priority has been attached. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Test case of development Bangladesh. Economy in examining problems one turns. There have lot of problems political .And social problems involved. They have poor management poor politics thats why they cant growth up easy way. They dont have any kinds of modern quality. POLITICAL: A true democracy became a Bangladesh. It had been ruled by military figures. There have lots of political problems in Bangladesh. If economy can growth but political leaders cant give to growth nicely. All of political leaders think about their selfs .At the end of the day economy going down and cant improve. Its very importance about economy about country. Their all times have two parties BNP and AWAMI league. When they go to one party a new government they do fight each other. At the end country economy cant improve. Muslim make up 83% is a secular Bangladesh aways been harmony with the different religious. Social: Increased tremendously Bangladesh decade education. Prime minister both of female and gender awareness. Women trust their religious and give value complain policies. Motionless at this moment power of caretaker government. Recently, Chief Adviser (CA) Fakhruddin Ahmed the countrys current economic slowdown. Government has already taken including formation .private-public business forum the situation. Optimistic like our Chief Adviser to overcome our economic problem. Problems of economy and causes of these problems 1) Caretaker government NO confidence Caretaker government, breaking and ejecting the businesses of footpath and slums. Jute mils, fixing principles Closing and action without plans.. Showing excuse of anticorruption Torturing businessmen Businessmen by National Board of Revenue and Anticorruption Commission. Independence of newspapers hindering. 2)Investment of businessmen and investors: Businessmen and investors are not interested to invest in this country. Money earned by corruption is closed now for anticorruption. Donor agencies, military government and international they do not know who is giving the direction of power 3) Purchasing power of general people: International market exists from previous two or three years Higher price of products in. We can blame following reasons for purchasing power of general people. Higher price of products as well as decreasing. Immoral syndicates of the period of union (BNP-Jamat) governmentDestructive activities. In country and showing signal that production will decrease in near products to earn more money. Future. For this reason, businessmen are not selling their products, storing products and creating shortage. Not as much as our expectation Production of rice. Interested to import rice from a huge amount of money for the luck of confidence on caretaker government. Primitive institutional structure because care taker government has not taken any positive initiative. The hindrance of supply facing the problem of inflation. CONCLUSION: Every country have some good or bad side economy after that its depends how to manage country economy. If country economy good thats means they have some reason for its back some goods side. context of Bangladesh present relationship between inflation economic growthdevelopment partners need to work .

China :: essays research papers

During its brief time under British rule, Hong Kong has witnessed war, the rise and fall of empires, and has played a role in intrigues, big deals and diplomacy of global proportions. After 156 years of British rule, Hong Kong is again ruled by China. The change took place at midnight on June 30, 1997. Hong Kong is made up of a peninsula on the mainland of China and more than 230 islands. The main island is called Hong Kong Island and lies south of the peninsula. Hong Kong Island became a British colony when it was ceded from China in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking. The British used the ports on Hong Kong to export tea, silk, and porcelain to England. The Chinese Emperor did not like the British. He called them guailo, which means foreign devil, and attempted to keep the British separate from the Chinese. During this period, China accepted only silver bullion as payment for goods. At the start of the 19th century, the British realized that they could purchase silks and teas in exchange for opium. China outlawed the drug, but many people were already addicted, which caused the economy of China to suffer. The Opium Wars began when China publicly destroyed a British ship that carried chests of opium. In January 1841, the British navy claimed Hong Kong Island. The Opium Wars finally ended in 1898, when Britain executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories. Kowloon Peninsula was acquired by the convention of Peking (now called Beijing) in 1860. China has guaranteed to permit the existing capitalist economy and lifestyle to exist for 50 years. Hong Kong will retain a high degree of autonomy except for defense and foreign affairs. Regaining control of Hong Kong serves two purposes. First, it will erase what the Chinese have viewed as a period of disgrace. The Chinese have always considered the Treaty of Nanking, which passed control of Hong Kong over to Britain as unfair. Second, they felt it would greatly benefit China's economy. A communist government rules China. The British, however, have ruled Hong Kong as a democracy. Many people are wondering how the differences between these two forms of government will affect the people and economy of Hong Kong. Even though Hong Kong is a part of China, it is a special region. For a time, at least, the people of Hong Kong have rights that people throughout the rest of China do not have.

Should Racist Speech Enjoy Protection under the First Amendment?

Persuasive Speech - Should Racist Speech Enjoy Protection under the First Amendment? Prejudice and racial stereotyping are two of this country's greatest problems today. Many people in our society have tried to find ways to eliminate or at least limit these types of behavior, but have met with very limited, if any, success. Because of the complex nature of racism and racist acts, coupled with the fact the first amendment prohibits the government from limiting the publics' right to free expression and speech, the Federal government has been ineffective in eliminating racist actions that pervade our society. State governments and institutions have attempted to set up their own laws condemning such actions, but have been wholly unsuccessful. Some of those waging a war on racism have established anti-discrimination policies, and have had these policies challenged as a result. Central Michigan University, for example, had instituted a discriminatory harassment policy, only to have it shot down by the Supreme Court in 1995 on grounds that the policy "necessarily requires [the] university to assess racial or ethnic content of speech." Since Central Michigan University is a State school, the First Amendment prohibits it from enacting regulations that would limit an individual's right to free speech unless the regulations, according to a 1986 ruling by the Supreme Court, are "narrowly and precisely designed." As you can imagine, precisely tailoring any statute in order to prohibit racist speech is nearly impossible - and as many other speakers have already said, banning the current racial slurs will only create new ones. Additionally, an outright ban on racist speech and ideas could likely lead to a higher level of violence in our society. A number of other supreme court rulings have come out in favor of protecting all speech, including racist speech, such as: A 1941 ruling on the case of Sullens v State, stating that the "Freedom of speech includes freedom to speak unwisdom or even heresy." A 1949 ruling on the case of Terminillo v Chicago, stating that "Attacks on racial and religious groups are protected by right of free speech in absence of showing of serious substantive evil that rises far above public inconvenience, annoyance, or unrest†¦" A 1952 ruling on the case of Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v Wilson, stating that: ... ...ks and racial slurs in the workplace, we can somewhat satisfy those who clamor for an outright ban on racism. By not allowing this type of speech to be criminalized, we stand by our First Amendment rights and continue to allow freedom of expression. By offering each side this compromised solution we can not only help to phase racism out of our society, but also protect our unalienable rights. The Freedom to speak one's mind is one of this country's citizens' most venerably held rights, and any discussion which deals with government imposed limitations on this right should not be taken lightly. Completely banning speech that is deemed by some to be racist only serves to bury the problem of racism itself, and is not an acceptable solution. Thus, the First Amendment should continue to protect racial slurs as well as all other speech in order to preserve and ensure the freedoms we have today. In conclusion, I'd like to quote one last ruling from the 8th circuit Federal court from 1946: "[The] First Amendment is intended to assure privilege that in itself must be so actual and certain that fear and doubt are absent from [an] individual's mind, or freedom is but abstraction."

Affirmative Action :: Affirmative Action Essays

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"under representationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of any racial group, it was decided, was evidence of discriminationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Guernsey). Affirmative action did not start out as a reverse discrimination towards white males, but it was meant to help everybody, but failed nearly completely after a time of which it was affected. The original concept of affirmative action excluded any mention of preference. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Launched during the late 1960s by the administration of President Richard M. Nixon, affirmative action programs call for guidelines and goals in the hiring of racial and ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and women. They have been effective in promoting change in hiring practices because they have the weight of the federal government behind them. As a direct result, a broader range of opportunities have become available for blacks in government, the corporate world, and colleges and universities. In the beginning, the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ s, when President Johnson used the affirmative action policy it was necessary and effective. At that time there was racial discrimination towards people of all black races in the United States of America, so it was a necessity to have such a law to create equal opportunity, but this was also created to have a racially and gender blind solution. This has turned into a racially unequal program that now has a negative effect on society. Affirmative due to quotas and favoritism towards minorities have a negative effect on society and have created a reverse discrimination. Many years ago there was a mistreatment of blacks and other minorities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“During much of American history, it was generally accepted by white people that blacks were not the same kind of human beings as whites and that slavery was the proper role for black people(Guernsey). People were not permitted to attend certain schools due to their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“color.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? There were separate eating facilities, bathrooms, parks, and drinking fountains for them as well. The first legal sign that the mistreatment of blacks was finally realized when in 1954 the Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessey v. Ferguson case. In 1964 there was there was the Civil Rights equal protection laws passed to make discrimination illegal were the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title II and VII of which forbid racial discrimination in "public accommodations" and race and sex discrimination in employment, respectively; and the 1965 Voting Rights Act adopted after Congress fo und "that racial discrimination in voting was an insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of the country through unremitting and ingenious defiance of the Constitution.

Nike: a Multinational Company in China

Nike: A Multinational Company in China Nike is one of the largest athletic shoe brands in the world and sells millions of shoes and clothing each year. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 by a University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowermanas. It was first named Blue Ribbon Sports and it officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978 (Nike). As a multinational company, it operates retail stores domestically and overseas and all of the products it sells are manufactured by independent contractors located predominantly in foreign countries.Nike first entered the international market through China overcoming the many challenges it faced while trying to do business with them. Nike has no involvement in the manufacturing of its products and all of its production has been outsourced, mainly to manufacturers based in low-wage countries. In 1980, Nike created its first joint-venture with the People's Republic of China (Nike Inc. ). It entered into the emerg ing economy just after the country rose from the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.In James Austin’s case study of Nike in China, he described Nike’s entry strategy into China to be very difficult and found the Chinese government almost impenetrable to do business with. To gain entrance into the tough country Nike hired David Ping-Ching Chang, who was originally from China, as a consultant to help arrange a deal between them (Austin 34). Chang had the experience and knew the language and customs that it would take to create a successful agreement. The first thing they set out to do was write a proposal to the Chinese government outlining their objectives and the advantages their joint venture would bring to China.Chang was familiar with how the Chinese performed business transactions and used that as an advantage to get their foot in China’s tightly closed door. The Chinese are relationship-orientated and to them a transaction is not only business. After writin g a very well written proposal translated in Chinese stating how Nike was committed to long-term business with China, they received an invitation to start negotiations. Major problems arose between the two when China demanded for more control, pricing, and rights to each factory (Austin 35).The Chinese felt that Nike was trying to take advantage of them when Nike would not allow them such control. The Chinese became was very close to ending any negotiations they had agreed upon but luckily settled on an agreement. Nike’s primary objective was to â€Å"establish the means by which they would buy a finished shoe product from the People's Republic of China,† as written in their submitted business proposal (Austin 29). Some of Nike’s other aims Austin describes in his case study were a target goal of 100,000 pair of shoes per month in the first phase and growth to 1,000,000 pair per month.Five months after their initial offer, a contract was signed and shoe producti on began by October 1981. Nike’s joint venture with China promised lower costs because of their cheap labor and high production. However, by 1984 production had only reached about 150,000 pairs per month instead of the 1,000,000 they had previously agreed on. During the 1990’s, another problem Nike faced during its joint-venture in China was the bad working conditions and low wages at their factories.Nike was accused of profiting from sweatshop labor that included child labor, physical abuse from factory managers and exposure to dangerous chemicals. They originally denied claims against them; however, in an article published by AllBusiness online in 2001, Nike director Todd McKean stated that since â€Å"Nike does not own the factories in China, we don’t control what goes on there. † This brought a major uproar in the media and along with it came campaigns of human rights groups who would endorse only companies who use â€Å"sweat-free† labor.Accor ding to Business Week Magazine, when Nike began to see protests from factory workers they decided to finally make a change and monitor working conditions in factories that produce their products. They hired independent auditors to make sure subcontractors used by the company follow Nike’s code of conduct (Hill 152). Although Nike faced many challenges with their joint-venture, China gained some advantages with doing business with Nike. Nike donated equipment to schools and paid them to open up after-school sport teams for children.In 1995, Nike sponsored all the Chinese pro-basketball league teams and provided uniforms and shoes for them. Another benefit China received was the outsourcing of jobs into their country (Sports). Granting, the sweatshops were an enormous mistake that Nike should have never let occur, they have corrected the problem and it has produced over 500,000 jobs in China alone. Nike is now working with the Xiaochen Hotline Program in China to provide traini ng on their labor laws and to improve worker’s accessibility to the hotline (Dutton).Nike is a good example of a multinational company that faced major challenges entering the emerging economy of China in 1980. Nike was confronted with problems while negotiating business with China and also during the actual manufacturing in their facilities. Even with such problems there came advantages to both countries; China acquired many jobs and Nike experienced lower costs that lead to higher sales. Nike and China have turned out to be a successful joint-venture and should continue to advance if both take into consideration each other’s needs.

Write about some of the ways Fitzgerald tells the story in chapter 1 of The Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald’s autobiographical first person means of telling the story in a way that takes the reader into his confidence by retelling a recollection of significant events. It is immdeiatly noticeable that Fitzgerald’s sentence structure is complex and his vocabulary sometimes obscure â€Å"only Gatsby, the man who gives this book its name was exempt from my reaction – Gatsby, who represented everything I was scornful of. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him† Fitzgerald asserts the idea that although Nick Caraway is the should narrator of this book, the story is about a much greater man – one whom the narrator is set to admire so much that the use of language to describe him gives Nick a new view on a set of people he once hated, so much so, he decides to write a book about him. Fitzgerald introduces Nick just returning to the Midwest after the civil war, he settles in the â€Å"west egg† but finds himself starting the story by visiting his cousin Daisy and Tom â€Å"the consoling proximity of millionaires† in the much more glamorous east egg, Fitzgerald is perhaps emphasising this was the norm for Nick having grown up with such people as a child. Fitzgerald begins the story with a generalisation of himself â€Å"I’ m inclined to reserve all judgements† separating himself from the likes of other judgemental upper class characters, which whom are given the most attention to. The likes of characters such as Daisy, Tom and Jordan are given almost choric voices â€Å"well you ought to see her she’s-â€Å" the characters constantly cutting each other off with ongoing information to the story such as rumours â€Å"he’s got some woman in new York† the idea of scandal and covered up rumours seems to dominate this chapter, although Jordan has only just met Nick, Fitzgerald does not hold back on writing Jordan so she already reveals a huge scandalous piece of gossip emphasising how these characters. Fitzgerald presents women in this chapter in a very unusual way â€Å"splendidly, luagiduly, their hands set lightly on their hips, the two young women proceeded us out on to a rosy coloured porch† the imagery of two young women leading them into this heavenly place emphasises them as delicate and beautiful â€Å"for a moment the last sunshine fell romantically upon her glowing face† the sensual imagery Tom uses to describe Jordan presents some type of respect Fitzgerald is able to see for women, however it is contrasted to a much lower view of women when Daisy states â€Å"that’s the best thing a woman can be in this world – a beautiful fool† where she expresses her opinion that a woman can only get by on looks and total ignorance to how a man should treat her. Some readers are irritated by nick caraway as a narrator, what is your view of Nick as a narrator? Fitzgerald’s interesting and intelligent use of such a character is in no way a mist ake, he would have been aware of the dangers from such an unusual means of narrating, however it works very well and makes this book the success it is. The use of Nick as more of a spector than an actual narrator involves us as readers and allows us to make up our own minds about the characters rather than having a central character as a narrator who may be in love with Daisy or hate Tom, whose language would then shape our own opinion of them. Nick is able to re-call past events in a very serious tone but yet at the same time his sensual and light-headedness description on small matters reflect pleasure onto the reader â€Å"I had two – finger bowels of champagne, and the scene had changed before my eyes into something significant, elemental and profound† commenting on small humorous parts of the story make the reader more able to relate as in our own lives we would notice such changes after a drink, Fitzgerald gives nick very realistic qualities here which means the story is more lifelike for the reader to enjoy. However, there are some aspects of the story in sensual description where Nick elevates his dramatic and in depth description that may not be so down to earth, but neither the less engage the reader in the very beautifully worded lines. â€Å"for a moment the last sunshine fell romantically upon her glowing face† the way in which women are presented through Nick’s eyes gain him a certain amount of respect for him as a narrator which will gain to the reader’s interest in his own characteristics, he is clearly a very passionate and respectable man in his romantic interests which in many ways erase from the reader’s mind any doubts they may of had at the start of his attitude to women when it is told he left a woman behind to move to the east egg. It is easy to suggest that without Nick’s descriptive detail and constant symbolism, the novel would have been a better less obscure portrayal of events, however without Nick’s ignorance and unfamiliarity to Gatsby at the start, Fitzgerald would have never been able to create this sense of enigma around him that engages the reader about this unknown mysterious character. â€Å"He stretched out his arms in a curious way towards the water, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling†. Fitzgerald also uses such a character as he is able to connect more with Gatsby upon living in the same less glamorous egg; they are in many ways similar through their views on life, money and love – a realistic friendship. Scott Fitzgerald was interested in many ways to present Gatsby through Nick; he stated once how â€Å"symbolism can produce a kind of magical transformation in which the physical world might, through an act of imagination, come to assume the quality of ideal†. So at the end of the novel Nick no longer looks at the world through symbolism as he remarks â€Å"he must have looked up at a familiar sky through frightening lease and shivered as he found was grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the secrecy grass† Fitzgerald here uses this technique to cut Nick’s symbolic language on beautiful things, to mirror the down turn of events and keep in with the language to reflect the mood of gloom the reader may be feeling, again heightening the reader’s opinion of Nick, as he is many ways realistic when it comes to the language he uses to express events that aren’t so glamorous. The use of Nick as a narrator is without a doubt a genius idea from Fitzgerald. He was able to contrast the norm and expected narrator but yet at the same time engage the reader with it. The writer is kept realistic, with real romances such as his relationship with Jordan giving him his own story but yet still present Gatsby i n the intelligent and beautiful way Fitzgerald intended.

India Wine Industry Report Essay

CONTENTS Introduction Market Size Market Development Local Industry Duties and Taxes Australian Wine players in India Market Segment and Market Share for imported wines Duties and Price Structure Wine Duty calculation impact on retail price Pricing factors The Developing market Market Entry Strategy Further Information Annexure I – Map of India Annexure II – Useful Information Annexure III – Major Wine Importers in India Annexure IV – list of other wine Importers and Distributors in Mumbai Delhi Bangalore and Goa Annexure V – Press Clipping PAGE NO 3 3 3 -4 4 5 5 5-6 6 7 8 8 8-9 9 11 12 13-16 17-19 20 -21. Disclaimer: Whilst every care has been taken in compiling the information in this report, the Department of State Development and its contractors neither warrant nor represent that the material published herein is accurate or free from errors or omissions. To the extent permissible by law the Department of State Development and its contractors shall not be responsible or liable for any errors, omissions and misrepresentations made herein. 2 Introduction: The Indian wine market is in a nascent stage. Estimates suggest an enormous growth potential of this sector both from the indigenous wine making industry and imports. The wine market in India is mainly fuelled by the strong growth in the domestic wine production, but imported wine plays a role in creating awareness and increased demand. Like most products in India, wine is extremely price sensitive. Market Size: As an emerging market India has great potential for wines, with an annual growth rate of 30% albeit from a low base. However, per capita consumption of wine in India is still low compared with other Asian markets. It was estimated that during the financial year 2008/9 the overall size of the Indian wine market was around 1. 2 million cases, of which 210,000 cases comprised imported product. This is small when compared with other beverage products. For example, there are an estimated 210 million cases of spirits consumed each year, of which 100 million are cases of beer. The fortunes of the industry are linked to the changing drinking habits of Indians with higher disposable incomes, foreign tourists and visiting business people, and Government (Central and State) regulations and policies that govern the industry. Market Development: Use of the mass media to promote alcoholic beverages in the form of advertising in magazines, TV, radio, newspapers, or on street hoardings is not allowed in India. However in-store advertising or on-premise promotions are allowed in all states except Delhi. In should be pointed out that wine shops differ widely from those in Australia. Marketing strategies have to include other forms of promotion such as promoting awareness on the relative health benefits of drinking wine, and sponsoring appropriate events which are cost effective and targeted towards those socioeconomic groups that can afford wine. The market demands a lot in terms of creating awareness, education and demystifying wine as a product. This can help expand the consumer base and increase demand. Companies wanting to successfully access the Indian wine market need to develop a long-term strategy that includes developing appropriate marketing promotions and educating agents, distributors and consumers about the product and the brand. Ongoing support of agents and distributors is required both on a financial basis (e. g. supporting promotions and marketing activities) and on a personal level. Increasing awareness of wine as a separate drink other than spirits has made it more socially acceptable. Increasing health consciousness and higher spending on corporate and personal entertainment has also given a boost to the sector. The increasing awareness of Government authorities to encourage wine drinking as compared with spirits has certainly brought cheer to the companies in the sector. The perception of wine being â€Å"upmarket† and â€Å"sophisticated† is helping in bringing about this change. One sign of this happening is the emergence of wine clubs in a number of cities. The biggest consumption of wine (up to 80%) is confined to the major cities, of which the largest are Mumbai (39%), Delhi (23%), Bangalore (9%) and the foreign tourist. 3 dominated market of Goa (9%). With the easing of quantitative restrictions on wines after April 1, 2001, there has been an increasing interest in the Indian market by international players. However the import duties and state taxes (which will be discussed later in more detail) remain high. They continue to be a major impediment to the foreign entrants into the Indian market. Local Industry: Maharashtra, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh (a recent entrant) are the three major wine producing regions in India. Maharashtra, on the western coast of India, is the major wine-producing region, accounting for 94% of the total wine produced in the country. According to the Department of Wine Production of the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), the wine producing region is spread over 30,000 hectares, covering 64 wineries. During the year 2007/08 Maharashtra registered a massive growth in wine production to 21. 1 million litres against 13. 2 million litres in 2006/07. This was a growth of 60% over the previous year and illustrates the ongoing appreciation of the virtues of wine by Indian consumers. Six new wineries became operational in Maharashtra, taking the total investment in the state to A$89 Million producing 720,000 litres of wine. The major grape producing regions in Maharashtra are Nasik, Satara, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Pune and Osmanabad, which are located approx 180-300 kms northeast and south of Mumbai. Thirty wineries have established production and bottling plants in the Vinchur industrial estate near Nasik. Karnataka produced 1. 2 million litres of wine during the same period. Two of India’s leading brands, Grover Vineyards and Indage, have plans to set up wine production facilities in Himachal Pradesh. There are three major local producers who control more than 90% of the market. Their market shares are as follows: Domestic Players Grovers Vineyard Chateau Indage Sula Vineyards 2004-05 37% 49 % 14 % 2005-06 26% 38% 36% 2006-07 24% 36% 34% 2007-08 22% 35% 35% Some of the statistics of domestic and imported wine sales in India are as follows: 2003-04 2004 -05 2005 -06 Domestic 430,000 490,000 535,000 Imported 40,000 70,000 100,000 Total Cases 470,000 580,000 635,000 (Figures sourced from Wine Report by MIDC) 2006-07 940,000 140,000 1,080,000 2007-08 1,000,000 210,000 1,210,000. During the last year United Sprits Ltd (USL), part of UB Group, bought BouvetLadubay, a French winery, and has launched this brand on the Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and Goa markets . USL intends to produce wine in India. Their plans are to produce up to 600,000 cases per year. India has also exported a small volume of wine to Canada, Singapore, UK, and USA. 4 Duties and Taxes: The import duty on bulk wine was zero from 2001 till 2003/04. In the year 2004/05 the duty for wine imported in bulk was raised to the same level as that of imported bottled wine. Simultaneously, the state excise duty on bulk wine which was Rs7 per litre was raised to Rs200 per litre, and later to 200% of CIF value. Hence the concept of bulk wine being imported then bottled in India is no longer feasible. The major wine imports have been from France, Italy, Australia and Spain. There is a growing interest in wines from Austria, Italy, South Africa, Argentina, New Zealand and Chile. According to International Wine & Spirit Research (IWSR), 39% of the total wines imported into India have come from France, 24% from Italy, and the rest from the other countries listed. Australian Wine players in India: Some Australian wine companies that have entered the Indian market during the last 7 years include: Howling Wolves of Western Australia, who have been marketing wine in Mumbai since 2004. The former Premier of Western Australia, Dr Geoffrey Gallop, launched their wine in Bangalore in October 2005. Smith Brooke of Margaret River, Grant Durge, St. Hallett and Thomas Mitchell of South Australia, and Pikes, Victor Precie and Stonier of Victoria have tied up with Echidna Wine Traders to market their wines in India. Xanadu and Cape Mentelle from Western Australia are also being marketed in India by Fine Wines & More and Moet Hennessey. BRL Hardy has a distribution arrangement with Sula Vineyards of Nasik. Additionally well known Australia brands such as Oxford Landing, Yellow Tail, Jacobs Creek, and Tyrell are readily available in India. Market Segment and Market Share for Imported Wines: In India, there are two major market segments through which imported wines are sold. These are: the hospitality sector the retail sector The hospitality sector consists of 4 and 5 star hotels and upmarket restaurants and currently accounts for up to 63% of sales for imported wines. The hotels normally buy wine from importers and distributors as opposed to importing the wines directly from producers due to the logistics and economies of scale. The retail sector accounts for 30% of sales of imported wines. Currently there are ten Indian states that allow the sale of imported wines through retail stores. These are Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh. The union territories of Pondicherry and New Delhi also allow the sale of imported wines through retail stores. The sellers are granted a permit and license according to the policy of the respective state. In the 5 states other than those mentioned above, the sale of imported liquor (including wine) through retail outlets is not permitted. However 4 and 5 star hotels in these states are allowed to buy bottled wine against a duty free license. The states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh do not allow the sale of imported wines, while the state of Gujarat prohibits sale of any wine or liquor through retail outlets. Import duty, local taxes and Price Structure: The Central Government levies import duty, in addition to which each State Government further impose their own taxes on imported wine. The taxes levied vary from state to state. They are complex and keep changing on a fairly regular basis. Because of the complex tax structure and permit regulations it is very hard for a distributor in one state to sell the product to buyers in another state. Hotels and restaurants, under the duty free scheme (a certain percentage of their foreign exchange earnings can be used to offset import duty on imported goods, including wine) are at an advantage. However, the volume imported under this arrangement is still small. It is to be noted that 75% of the imported wines are sold in 4 and 5 star hotels. Each state has different levels of taxation as well as varying labelling requirements, types of labels, fees for registering labels, etc which need to be adhered to. Wine exporting countries, including Australia, have, through their High Commissions and Embassies in India, been making representations to the Indian Government with the support of local producers to streamline the taxation structure and labelling requirements. This has been a slow process and scant progress has been made. Duties and taxes are the major impediment to the growth of the wine market in India. The following examples illustrate the complexity of the problem. In Delhi the tax/duty on wine is at a uniform rate of Rs200 (A$5. 50) per litre from January 2008. In Karnataka state (Bangalore) the current tax is Rs630 (A$19) per case of 9 litres. In Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad) the tax on wine is based on the alcohol content as well as on volume. The effective rate of duty amounts to Rs90 (A$2. 80) per litre. Under the WTO agreement and pressure from the US and EU countries, the Government of India announced the reduction in basic duty from 150% to 100% effective 3 July 2007. However the states increased the excise duty, which not only impacted the pricing level in retail sales but also made it extremely tough for imported wine to enter the market. Industry associations have taken up this matter with the Government and changes are expected in the near future. The following table is an example of the calculation of wine duties and tariffs as charged by the Federal Government and that by the State of Maharashtra and Mumbai. It also shows the impact of such duties on retail pricing, which is marginal in spite of the reduction in the basic import duty tariff. Maharashtra, the largest producer and consumer of wine, has been increasing taxes on imported wine in order to protect the local industry. 6 There is also significant change in duties on liquor and wine in the state of Goa and Karnataka. Please see Annexure VI for further details. 7 Current wine duty calculation that impact on retail prices Duty Paid Scheme Brand Brand Brand 1 2 3 24 35 45 Duty Free Scheme Brand Brand 2 1 24 35 CIF in US$/case * Eqvt in INR 1! $=40 Add Landing Fee 1% (AV) Basic Duty 150% Sub Total CVD 4% Total Landed Maharashtra Excise 200% of AV Sub Total Octroi 7. 2% Total Gross Margin Ex warehouse Sale Price Wholesale Margin 12% Wh Selling Rate Retail Margin 12% Consumer Price Consumer Price /Bottle VAT Total Total Taxes Taxes as % of CIF CIF in US $ Brand 3 45 960 969. 6 1400 1414 1800 1818 Eqvt INR Add In Bond Transfer Fee 2% Add Landing Fee 1% AV 960 979. 2 1400 1428 1800 1836 1454. 4 2121 2727 988. 992 1442. 28 1977. 98 2884. 56 320. 41 467. 27 2000 2000 5258. 4 6751. 83 1854. 36 3708. 72 600. 77 2000 8109. 49 2414. 4 3521 4527 Excise Duty 96. 58 140. 84 181. 08 Octroi 2510. 98 3661. 84 4708. 08 Gross Margin 1939. 2 2828 3636 Ex Warehouse 4450. 18 320. 41 4770. 59 2000 6489. 84 467. 27 6957. 11 2000 8344. 08 600. 77 8944. 85 2000 Wholesale Margin Ex Wholesale Price /Bottle Total Taxes 631. 008 5889. 4 490. 784 2298. 4 239% 810. 2194 7562. 05 630. 1707 3351. 83 239% 973. 139 9082. 63 756. 886 4309. 49 239% 6770. 59 8957. 11 10944. 9 Taxes as % of CIF 812. 47 1074. 85 1313. 38 12258. 2 7583. 06 10032 909. 97 1203. 84 1470. 99 8493. 03 11235. 8 13729. 2 707. 75 141. 55 849. 3 3810. 59 397% 936. 32 187. 26 1123. 58 5557. 11 397% 1144. 1 228. 82 1372. 92 7144. 85 397% Please note the above is a guide only. Taxes and duties are subject to change without notice. Exporters must check the duties and tariffs before concluding any sale/contract. 8 Pricing Factors: Going by the calculation shown in the table above, the retail price for wines goes as high as 500% of the CIF value for bottled wine. It is still higher in most 4 and 5 star hotels and upmarket restaurants due to the higher margins they are able to obtain. In Indian hotels and restaurants imported wine is sold upwards of Rs2200 (A$60) per bottle, with premium wines sold at higher prices. Up to 70% of imported wines are sold through retail outlets at Rs1200 (A$35) upwards per bottle. There is also a one off label registration fee that has to be paid in each State the wine is to be sold. The fee is calculated on the maximum retail price and varies from State to State. For example in Goa the label registration fee for a bottle of wine that retails for between Rs. 2000-5000 is currently Rs45,000. The Developing Market: According to the Exim Bank Survey it is conservatively estimated that 10 million Indians (around 1% of the population) could be termed as potential consumers of imported wines. They would come from the upper/middle class socio-economic groups. The profile of wine drinkers has changed in the past five years. This is due to the fact that many Indians have travelled overseas and have been exposed to a variety of wines. They have started regarding wine as a beverage with health benefits rather than as an alcoholic beverage. Women, too, are increasingly choosing wine as a beverage of choice as it has a certain sophistication attached to it. Wine is also being used more special promotions, product launches etc. Despite challenges such as high duties, complex state taxes and laws, and poor infrastructure and logistics, the market is growing at a healthy 30% per annum. As a result most of the leading Indian alcoholic and beverage companies have started firming up their portfolios to include wine (local and imported). Market Entry Strategy: Exporters need to take a long-term approach in developing their strategies to access the Indian market. Although India is a steadily growing market, it is extremely price sensitive. Exporters should establish their own importing company, fund the import costs, and provide long term marketing budgets with dedicated sales and marketing staff. In order to succeed it is vital for the exporter to choose an agent or distributor who has a good knowledge of the local market and can effectively communicate with concerned parties, and in particular someone who understands the complex regulations that apply to imported wines. Because of the constraints on advertising wine in India an effective strategy for marketing has to entail a close working relationship with the agent and distributor. The exporter is expected to provide the advertising and promotional material as well as bear the expenses incurred for promotions, tastings etc unless otherwise agreed. Therefore, all expectations of the agent and distributor need to be agreed upon before any formal arrangement is concluded. The brands may target either retail outlets or hotels in order to develop brand identity. High end wines are usually positioned only in the premium segment of 5 star hotels and comprise limited volumes. 9 A focussed approach, with an emphasis on marketing as opposed to sales, is the need of the hour. This approach would help in brand development and brand recall. The company would need to earmark a capital budget in the first 2-3 years for marketing towards brand establishment and development. Till date no major importer has been able to focus on brand development as they have to sell a number of varieties in order to expand their clientele It is an established fact that in times of recession, the sale of alcoholic beverages and chocolates (in Europe) increases. However, the focus shifts from consumption â€Å"on premise† to â€Å"off premise† and volumes of entry level products increase. Hence the current global and India market scenario lend credibility to the suggestion of establishing a marketing company in India. This company could respond to changing market dynamics more swiftly by shifting focus from high end wines to entry level wines and focussing on retail/individual buyers. For further information on the opportunities for wine in the Indian market, please contact the Western Australia Trade Office – India. 10 ANNEXURES 11 ANNEXURE I MAP OF INDIA 12 ANNEXURE II Major Trade Events: INDSPIRIT 30-31 October 2009, The Renaissance Hotel, Powai, Mumbai www. ambrosiaindia.com Indian International Wine Fare December 2009 www. iiw. com International Food Expo December 2009 www. ife-india. com India International Food and Wine Show, January 2010 New Delhi www. ifows. com International Hospitality Fair- February 2010 www. internationalhospitalityfair. in Useful Links: www. indianwine. com www. indianwineacademy. com www. sommelierindia. com www. thewinesocietyofindia. com www. thewinesociety. org www. fwmclub. com Useful Industry Contacts: Mr Subhash Arora, President Indian Wine Academy A-458 Defence Colony New Delhi 110024 Mbl: 09818368428 Email: arora@indianwineacademy.com www. indianwineacademy. com. The Academy produces a weekly newsletter which can be obtained through their website. Dr Jaideep K. Kale Technical Co-ordinator Grape Wine Park, MIDC, Jog Center, 2nd Floor, Wakdewadi, Pune-411 003. MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) Mobile : 09823381014 Tel. No. 020-25819444/445, Fax No. 020-25819446 E-mail: ronashik@midcindia. org Mr H R Ahuja Director Win Wine & Beverages Pvt. Ltd. B-204, Rajrudram, Gokuldam Film City Road, Goregaon (East) Mumbai 400063 Tel: 91 22 2840 9194 Email: ahujahra@hotmail. com onlywines@hotmail. com. Ms Rogita Tiwari Associate Editor Ambrosia 13/D, Laxmi Industrial Estate New Link Road Andheri (W) Mumbai 400053 Tel. 91 2229358083 Email: sappl@bom8. vsnl. net. in www. ambrosiaindia. com 13 ANNEXURE III MAJOR WINE IMPORTERS Although there are probably more than 100 importers in India, the following are the major companies: Brindco International: Based in Delhi, is reported to have imported around 25,000 cases of wine. They currently have arrangements with approximately 60 wineries from eleven countries including: Baron Philippe de Rothschild, E. Guigal, Albert Bichot and Louis Jadot (France) Allegrini, Marchessi di Barolo and Gaja (Italy) Joseph Phelps, Francis Coppola (California) Leeuwin Estate, Wolf Blass and Peter Lehman (Australia) Brindco is a key vendor to some of the top hotel chains in India including Taj Hotels and the Welcome Group. Mr. Aman Dhall Managing Director Brindco Sales Limited S35 Okhla Industrial Area Phase 2 New Delhi. 11 00 20 Tel: 91 11 4161 6424 Fax: 91 11 26 38 8818 Mobile: +9198100 72050 E-mail – amandhall@brindcolimitd.com Sonarys Co-Brands: The company imports approximately 20,000 cases of wine per year and assembled a good portfolio of 350 labels from over 45 wineries in 11 countries. Some of the brands Sonarys handle include: Arrowwood, Clos du Val and Robert Mondavi (California ) Montes (Chile) Falvey, Hugel et Fila, Domaine Laroche and Pascal Jolivet (France) Antiori, Umberto Cesari, Micael Chirlo and Prunetto (Italy) The company has established good connections with most of the upscale tourist hotels in the major cities. Mr Sanjay Menon CEO Sonarys Co-Brands Pvt. Lt.d, 12 Creative Industrial Estate NM Joshi Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai. 400 022. Tel 91 22 5666 9111 Fax 91 22 5666 9100 E-mail – sanjay@sansula. com Web: www. sansula. com 14 Global Tax Free is a family business based in Delhi and import approximately 15,000 cases per year. Their portfolio includes: Taylor’s (Australia) Trivento (Argentina) Concha y Toro of Chile (Chile) Casa Givelli Cassetta and Fontella (Italy) Laurent Premier Jean Claude Boisset , Joseph Droubhin, Rene Barber and Calvet (France) KVW (South Africa) Mr Mukul Mehra President Global Tax Free Traders Inc 87 Sainik Farms, Central Avenue New Delhi. 110 062 Tel: 91 11 6597 9222 Fax: 91 11 2955 2574 E-mail: info@globaltaxfreetraders,com Web : www. globaltaxfreetraders. com Moet Hennessy: Based in Mumbai, Moet Hennessy are importing in the region of 10,000 cases per annum. Their portfolio largely consists of wines from wineries owned by their parent company, LVMH. They also represent: Terrazas (Argentina) Casa Lapostolle (Chile) Green Point and Cape Mentelle (Australia) Cloudy Bay wines (New Zealand) Mr Ashiwini Deo Moet Hennessy (Cape Mentelle) 501 E, Dr A B Road Worli Mumbai 400025 Mbl: 98213 12556 Email: ashwin. deo@ap. moet-hennessy.com Sovereign Impex; The Delhi based importer’s current portfolio includes: Vakdivieso and Santa Ema (Chile ) Lungaroti, Pio Cesare, Fotonari and Mastroberardina(Italy ) Wildekrans Wine Estate (South Africa) Mr Naresh Uttamchandani Sovereign Impex Pvt. Ltd. , C. 15 Safdarjang Dev Area (2 Floor), New Delhi 11 00 16 Email nvu@hotmail. com Mobile 91 98110 42416 Web: www. sovereignindia. com 15 Sula: Although one of the top Indian wine producers, the company also imports approximately 10,000 cases per year. To date they have focused on importing brands produced by the Constellation Group. The following are currently sold in India: Two Oceans ( South Africa) Hardy’s (Australia) Trimbach, Forrtant and JC Le Roux (France) House of Ruffino (Italy) Sho Chuku Bai (Japan) Mr Rajeev Samant, CEO – Sula Vineyard Samant Soma Wines Pvt. Ltd 1 & B2 Matulya Centre C Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai. 400 013 Tel 91 22 6660 6685 Fax 91 22 2492 6064 Mohan Bros: Mohan Bros supplies wine to the diplomatic corp as well as duty free shops and ships chandlers. Mr Rohit Mehra Partner Mohan Bros. Pvt. Ltd. , Plaza Cinema Bldg (2 Floor) Connaught Place, New Delhi. 11 00 01 Tel 91 11 4151 3434 Fax 91 11 4151 636 RR International: is another supplier of wine to embassies, airport duty free shops, airlines and ships chandlers. They also supply hotels and have boned wharehouses in Delhi and Mumbai. Mr S Garg Director RR International B. 90A Greater Kailash I, New Delhi. 11 00 48 Tel 91 11 2643 1058 Fax 91 11 2623 8354 Munjal Bros. is the Indian agent for Castel and Pernod Ricard of France. Mr Harminder Singh Munjal Director Munjal Bros Pvt. Ltd. , 356 Pappargaj Industrial Estate New Delhi 11 00 92 Tel 91 11 2216 9289 Fax 91 11 2216 9288 16 Aspri Spirits also import wine as well as spirits. They are the Indian agents for Absolut Vodka. Their wine portfolio includes De Bortoli ,Sacred Hill and Windy Peak (Australia) Campari and Cinzano (Italy) Contact details Mr Arun Kumar, Aspri Spirits Pvt. Ltd. , N230 Ground Floor Greater Kailash I New Delhi. 11 00 48 Tel 91 11 4163 3981 Fax 91 11 4163 1713 Mob 91 98104 43440 E-mail delhi@aspri. org Web – www. aspri. org 17 ANNEXURE IV LIST OF OTHER WINE IMPORTERS AND DISTRIBUTORS A) MUMBAI Mr Ranjit S. Chougule Chief Operating Officer Champagne Indage Ltd 82, Indage House Dr A B Road Worli Mumbai 400 025 Tel: 91 22 24938718 Fax: 91 22 24913435 Email: wines@indagegroup.com Ms Dharti Desai Founder Fine Wines N More 406, Raheja Plaza, Plot 15/B Parksons Press Compound Off new Link Road Andheri West Mumbai 400053 Tel: 91 22 4033 0000 Fax: 91 22 4033 0100 Web: www. finewinesnmore. com. Mr Bruno Yvon National Brand Manager India Clicquot Asia 88 Maker Tower, 8th Floor Cuffe Parade Mumbai 400 005 Tel: 91 22 2218 1039 Fax: 91 22 2218 0801 Mr Darren Centofanti Managing Director Pick of the Bunch 402 B Wing, Haripreet Building Tagore Road Santacruz (W) Mumbai 400054 Tel. No. 91 22 26494114 Email:pickofthebunch@gmail. com www. pickofthebunchwines. com Mr Vishal Kadakia 47A, Nandjyot Industrial Estate Andheri Kurla road Mumbai 400 072 Tel: 91 22 28516621 Fax: 91 22 28516626 Mbl:9820858618 Email:info@thewinepark. com Web: www. thewinepark. com Mr Vishnu G Dev Director South Seas Distilleries & Breweries Pvt Ltd Old Chinoy Bldg, 275 E, Tardeo Road Mumbai 400 007 Tel: 91 22 23876068 18 (B) NEW DELHI Mr Narottam Sharma Materials Manager – Corporate Hyatt Regency Hotel Bhikaiji Cama Place, Ring Road, New Delhi 110 066 Tel:9111 26791234, 26791150 Ext. 1422; Fax. : 91 11 26791122, Mobile : 91 9811011160 Email : narotams@ndf. vsnl. in. Mr Bill Marchetti Executive Chef ITC Maurya Sheraton & Towers Diplomatic Enclave, New Delhi 110021 Tel. : 91 11 26112233; Fax. : 91 11 26113333 Email : bill_marchetti@yahoo. com. au Mr N. K. Piplani General Manager I. T. D. C. Duty Free Shops International Trade Division, 504 5th Fl. Jeevan Vihar 3 Sansad Marg, New Delhi 110 001 Tel: 91 11 32740895; Fax: 91 11 23341459 / 32740895 Email: piplani@theashokgroup. com Web. : www. theashokgroup. com Mr Sanjiv K. Singh TT & G Trading Private Limited Managing Director Thapar House 124 Janpath New Delhi 110001 Tel. : 91 11 23361369, 23349030; Fax. : 91 11 23349029 Email. : great_vintages@rediffmail.com Mr Raja Mukherji, Head – International Brands Radico Khaitan Limited Plot No. J 1, Block B 1, Mohan Co-op. Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 Tel: 91 11 26975403-09; Fax: 91 11 26975339-40 Email : Rdccrmp@nde. vsnl. net. in Web. : www. radicokhaitan. com Ms Firdaus Khan-Chowdhury Mr. Mathieu Villard Directors Francis Wacziarg Group A 50 Nizamuddin East, New Delhi 110013 Tel. : 91 11 24355910, 24355901, 24355920; Fax. : 91 11 24351112 Email. : brands@fwacziarg. com Web. : www. fwacziarg. com Mr B. K. Pardal CEO Global Brand Management India 65A Pocket 14 Himgiri Apartments, Kalkaji Extension, New Delhi 110 019 Tel.: 91 11 26091993; Fax. : 91 11 26093272 Email : bkpardal@vsnl. net Mr Peter Schatzmann Corporate Director -Food & Beverage The Oberoi Hotels New Delhi Tel: 91 11 2389 0594 Fax:91 11 2389 0590 Email: pschatzman@eih-india. com 19 (C). BANGALORE Mr Abhay Kewadkar Chief Wine Maker United Spirit Limited, 51, Richmond Road, Bangalore – 560025 India Tel: 91 80 30510600 Email: Abhaykewadkar@ubmail. com Mr Ashwat Rashwat Reddy M/S Saptagiri Enterprises 683, 50ft Road, 3RD Block, 3RD Stage BSK Bangalore 560085 Tel (MOB) +91 9844001145, Off: 91 80 6791 988, Fax: 91 80 6793 504. Mr Prabhu Yalagi Managing Director Castello Farm Products P Ltd. 257, Hosur Road Wilson Gardens Bangalore 560 027 Tel. No 91 80 56690251 Mr Raja MukherjiHead International Brands Radico Khaitan Pvt Ltd 1203, Regent Chambers Nariman Point Mumbai 400021 Tel: 91 22 56359845 (D) GOA I Mr Fransico Montecruz Director Impala Distilleries & Brewery Ltd 33, Amonte New Market, Margaon, Goa Tel: 919822388144,9822101149 Tel: 91832 2705339 Mr Alto Mundo Alto Mundo Vinhos Impex Pvt Ltd G-3, R-12,, Techno Park, Chogum Road, Porvorim, Goa – 403521 Tel: 91-9324938638, Email: galtomundo@rediffmail. com. Mr Mario de Sequeria Partner Tonia Agencies Raicho Ambo Raia Salcete Goa 403720 Tel: 91 832 2740187 Mb:09822102182 Mr Antonio De Silva Partner Royal Spirit Satt Adhar Arcade, Peddem, Mapusa (Mapuca), Goa 403507 Tel: 91 832-6516185 20 ANNEXURE V Posted: Friday, October 31 2008. 9:50 India Loses Case in WTO Appeal U. S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab announced in Washington yesterday that the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body has found in favour of the United States in its challenge against India’s additional and extra-additional duties on wine, spirits and other agricultural and manufactured products. Indian Wine Academy has insisted all along that the additional duties charged were illegal, according to the WTO agreement. It now appears that India camouflaged the proceedings by not providing full details to the earlier panel and that helped its win the case filed by the US. EU had withdrawn its case after the government had waived Additional Customs Duties on July 4. 2007. However, US had stuck on with the case knowing the intricacies involved with the excised duty structure of states. India had imposed these duties on U.S. imports in addition to and on top of its basic customs duty, resulting in combined duties on imports of alcoholic beverages (beer, wine and spirits) of up to 550 percent. India argued that the duties were permitted because they simply offset certain internal taxes (such as value-added taxes). The Appellate Body reversed the panel, which had found that any import charge offsetting an internal tax need only â€Å"serve the same function† as the internal tax and need not be equivalent in amount to that internal tax. In reversing the panel, the Appellate Body agreed with the United States that any import charges aimed at offsetting internal taxes cannot result in a higher amount being charged to imports than to like domestic products. â€Å"This is an important decision for all WTO Members, particularly at a time when they are negotiating tariff commitments,† said Ambassador Schwab. â€Å"The Appellate Body reversed a deeply flawed panel report and reaffirmed a fundamental WTO rule that Members cannot impose duties on imports that exceed their tariff commitments. † After the United States initiated the dispute, and in response to U. S. concerns, India announced the withdrawal of the additional duty on alcoholic beverages and modifications to the extra-additional duty, which it represented to the panel eliminated any discrimination against U. S. imports. We continue to have concerns about whether these measures have eliminated India’s abusive use of additional tariffs, particularly given India’s refusal to produce information to support its claims that the duties merely offset internal state-level taxes. We continue to closely monitor the effect of both actions. The Appellate Body considered that the additional duty on imports of alcoholic beverages and the extra-additional duty on imports of alcoholic beverages and other products would not be justified as offsetting excise duties and other internal taxes on like domestic products insofar as the duties result in charges on imports that exceed those on like domestic products, and consequently, that this would render both the additional duty and extra-additional duty inconsistent with India’s tariff commitments. The Panel’s interpretation would have opened a Pandora’s Box by inviting the widespread imposition of â€Å"additional† tariffs in violation of WTO commitments. Unfortunately, because of India’s refusal to provide information to the panel on its internal taxes – including in response to direct quest.